Translatioin of Political Literature - Иностранные языки - Скачать бесплатно
Plan
Introduction
Chapter I
§ I. Translation and its aims.
§ II. Translation of Political literature and terms.
Chapter II
§ I. Grammatical difficulties of translation
§ II. Lexical difficulties of translation
§ III. Stylistic difficulties of translation
§ IV. The difficulty of translation of set phrases and idioms
§ V. List of set expressions used in Political Literature
Conclusion
Summary
Introduction
In this Qualification Paper we’ve set forth to study the translation
methods of Political literature and political terms at a deeper level,
their types and ways of their translation of Political literature, to
consider the function of political literature in everyday life of the
humanity.
The object of this Qualification paper can be considered as one that
gives the detailed review of the ways political literature and political
terms can be translated into Russian language. It also helps to improve
one’s understanding of the principal rules of translation which plays
leading role while processing translation.
The aim of this work is to introduce the translation approach to
Political literature so that to make it easy to perceive for those willing
to keep up their educational and scientific carrier in the science of
translation, it was purposed to broaden their view on translation studies
and peculiar features while translating Political literature.
In this work we set the following tasks:
- to review all the sources of Political literature
- to reveal the methods of translation of Political literature
- to investigate grammatical, lexical, stylistic and phraseological
difficulties of translation of political literature
We should mention that this research work represents a great
theoretical value for those willing to take up their future carrier in the
field of translations as invaluable reference to the methods and the ways
of translation of Political literature.
And the practical value of this work involves the idea that
translation represents a field aimed at training future
translators/interpreters to translate verbal and written materials on
Political subjects basing on the study of International politics, to
differentiate the language features of English, Russian and other languages
as well as political lexicology, phraseology, syntax and style.
The source information for this research work has been carefully
studied and investigated before it was applied to the given work.
The originality of this work is in its creative approach to the study
and methods of translation, besides, it contains a detailed review of ways
and methods of translation.
The given Qualification paper contains introduction, two chapters,
conclusion and bibliography list.
The first chapter gives a detailed review of the study of the theory
of translation and also reveals the role of political literature and terms
in everyday life of the humanity which are believed to be interesting to
future translator/interpreters. It also discussed the methods of
translation of political literature with purpose to make it easier for
translator to achieve adequate translation in the target language.
The second chapter deals with the detailed study of grammatical,
lexical, stylistic difficulties involved in translation of political
literature. It also gives some hints on translation of idioms and set
expressions and their behavior in literature.
We have also attached some samples of translation of political set
expressions so that to enable the future translator to benefit from the
given paper in their further researches in the fields of translation.
In conclusion we have summed up the results of our laborious
investigation translation of political literature.
At the end of the research paper we have attached the bibliography
list to enable the future translator to use information sources used in
this Paper.
Chapter I.
§ I. Translation and its aims.
Most translators prefer to think of their work as a profession and
would like to see others to treat them like professionals rather than as
skilled or semi-skilled workers. But to achieve this, translators need to
develop an ability to stand back and reflect on what they do and how they
do it. Like doctors and engineers, they have to prove to themselves as well
as others that they are in control of what they do; that they do not just
translate well because they have ‘flair’ for translation, but rather
because, like other professionals, they have made a conscious effort to
understand various aspects of their work.
Unlike medicine and engineering, translation is a very young
discipline in academic terms. It is only just starting to feature as a
subject of study in its own right, not yet in all but in an increasing
number of universities and colleges around the world. Like any young
discipline, it needs to draw on the findings and theories of other related
disciplines in order to develop and formalize its own methods; but which
disciplines it can naturally and fruitfully be related to is still a matter
of some controversy. Almost every aspect of life in general and of the
interaction between speech communities in particular can be considered
relevant to translation, a discipline which has to concern itself with how
meaning is generated within and between various groups of people in various
cultural settings. This is clearly too big an area to investigate in one
go. So, let us just start by saying that, if translation is ever to become
a profession in the full sense of the word, translators will need something
other than the current mixture of intuition and practice to enable them to
reflect on what they do and how they do it. They will need, above all, to
acquire a sound knowledge of the raw material with which they work: to
understand what language is and how it comes to function for its users.
Translation is a process of rendering a text, written piece or a
speech by means of other languages. The difference of translation from
retelling or other kinds of transfer of a given text is that that
translation is a process of creating an original unity in contexts and
forms of original.
The translation quality is defined by its completeness and value. “The
completeness and value of translation means definite rendering of the
contextual sense of the original piece and a high-grade functional-
stylistic conformity.”
The concept “high-grade functional-stylistic conformity” clearly points
on two existing ways of rendering the form in unity with the meaning: the
first one is a reproduction of specific features of the form of the
original piece and the second one is the creation of functional
conformities of those features. It means when translating the specific
features of an original literature we should rather consider the style
inherent for the given genre but than direct copying the form of an
original. While translating, we should also remember that different lexical
and grammatical elements of an original might be translated differently if
accepted by the norms of conformity to the whole original. The translation
adequacy of separate phrases, sentences and paragraphs should not be
considered separately but along with achievement of the adequacy and
completeness of the translating piece as a whole because the unity of a
piece is created through collecting the components.
No matter how a translator (interpreter) is talented he should remember
two most important conditions of the process of translation: the first is
that the aim of translation is to get the reader as closely as possible
acquainted with the context of a given text and then second – to translate
– means to precisely and completely express by means of one language the
things that had been expressed earlier by the means of another language.
A translation can be done:
1. from one language into another, kin-language, non-kin,
2. from literary language into its dialect or visa versa
3. from the language of an ancient period into its modern state
The process of translation, no matter how fast it is, is subdivided
into two moments. To translate one should first of all to understand, to
perceive the meaning and the sense of the material.
Furthermore, to translate one should find and select the sufficient
means of expression in the language the material is translated into (words,
phrases, grammatical forms).
There are three, most identified types of translation: literary,
special and sociopolitical.
The ways of achieving the adequacy and completeness in those three
types of translation will never completely coincide with each other because
of their diverse character and tasks set to translator (interpreter).
The object of literary translation is the literature itself. And its
distinctive feature is a figurative-emotional impact on the reader, which
is attained through a great usage of different linguistic means, beginning
from epithet and metaphor up to rhythmical-syntactic construction of
phrases.
Thus, in order to preserve figurative-emotional impact on the reader
while translating a work of art, the translator (interpreter) will try to
render all the specific features of the translating material. That’s why,
on the first place one should reconstruct the specific features of an
original and the creation of functional conformities to the features of the
original play the subordinate role.
The objects of special translations are materials that belong to
different fields of human activities, science and technology. The
distinctive feature of this type of translation is an exact expression of
the sense of translating material, which is attained through wide usage of
special terms.
Thus, in order to render an exact and clear meaning while translating
such materials alongside with the selection of term equivalents, on the
first place one has to create functional conformities to the features of an
original, and the creation of specific features of the original play the
subordinate role.
And finally, the objects of social-politic translations are the
materials of propaganda and agitation character, and therefore a bright
emotional sense abundant with special terms.
Concerning the achievement of adequacy this type of translation
possesses the features of literary and special types of translation as
well.
§ II. Translation of Political literature and terms.
Political literature like any other scientific kind of literature have
languages items characteristic to them, that requires the translator to be
precise and sharp. Most books on general politics are characterized by the
passion of expression, polemic style and the specific feature is in
blending the elements of scientific speech from one side with different
emotionally colored means of expression from another side.
The translation of political literature can be considered in two ways:
as a field of linguistic activity and as a separate field in science.
As a field of linguistic activity translation of political literature
represents one of the types of special translations possessing as objects
of its activity different materials of political character.
The political translation comes out into a special field of study due
to its specific features of written and verbal speech on political topics,
which is specified by its essential character and the knowledge of this
science. Sometimes these features are so diverse that in order to
understand them (Russian and English politics as well) one should have a
special knowledge without which it would be very hard to clearly perceive
the inner sense on politics or a translated piece.
Therefore, the study of specific features of written and verbal speech
acquires great importance to translators (interpreters). To the features
mention above belong the following:
1. maximal filling the political literature with special political
terms, and in verbal speech (among the politicians) – filling it
with words of political jargon – slang.
2. presence of special idiomatic expressions and phraseological
units in verbal and written speech that are rarely used in
colloquial speech and general literature.
As an example, I should bring the following idioms: blitzkrieg –
молниеносная война, Comprehensive Program of Disarmament - Всеобъемлющая
программа разоружения, principal powers – крупные державы, status quo –
статус кво and many others. We have to mark - if the quantity of political
idioms is limited, then the amount of “politically” related phraseological
idioms is vast in English and Russian languages.
3. the presence of some stylistic deflection from general literary
norms is sometimes very great.
a) wide usage of elliptic constructions, especially in
periodically publishing materials, propaganda and other kinds
of politically important printing media.
b) preciseness and beauty of self-expression which is achieved by
the usage of elliptic constructions along with wide usage of
passive constructions and an often substitution of придаточных
предложений by absolute constructions and деепричастными
оборотами.
c) the presence of official writing style, mostly in documents of
official provisions that cover administrative and political
questions.
d) strictly regulated use of verbal forms and word phrases in
special chapters of political literature and political
documents.
As was told before, while translating a political character, like doing
any other special translation a great importance is given to translation of
special terms.
In our philological literature exist lots of definitions to the concept
of term, but the essence of majority comes to the following:
Term – is a word or a combination of words, which define a notion
(subject, a phenomenon, property, relation or a process) that is
characteristic for the given field of science, technology, art or a sphere
of social life.
Terms differ from the words of general usage by definite semantic
limitations and specific meanings they define. Its very hard to
overestimate the general and scientific meaning of terms since the concrete
knowledge demands definite expression and a term does not only fix the
concept by its notion (name) but specifies it diverging it from adjacent
components.
For better functioning, terms must express systematization of notions,
express their essence or at least be semantically neutral and at the same
time be unambiguous and precise.
The phenomenon of a separate field of science and the terms that fix
them should be systemized that offers gender availability around which
group notions are formed. Thus an English term representative which
presents a group notion and forms a group of notions that belong to this
group: representative forum (представительный форум), business world
representative (представитель делового мира), representative to the talks
(представитель на переговорах), representative to the public (представитель
общественности), representative of political circles (представитель
политических кругов), representative to NATO (представитель НАТО),
representative of various strata or the population (представитель различных
слоёв населения).
The capability of a term to express a systematic state of notions and
easily merge with new phrases that represent new group notions that
consequently appear along with the development of a definite field of
science or knowledge maybe called its systematic capability.
The systematic capability of notions helps us to clarify the relation
of notions, raise their semantic definiteness and ease their understanding
and remembering.
In terms, formed on the base of mother tongue we may differ direct
meaning and terminological meaning.
The direct meaning of a term is formed through the elements of the
language used for their formation; the terminological meaning defines the
concept of notion expressed by the term.
The terms, direct and terminological meaning of which correspond to
each other, correctly orientate and underline the so-called their
interrelation. These terms are able to express the essence of notions.
The terms, whose direct and terminological meaning does not correspond
to each other belong to semantically neutral group of terms.
And at last, the terms whose direct and terminological meaning
contradict each other, should be admitted as completely unsatisfactory
because they distort the genuine relations among the notions, disorientate
the hearer and do not possess any semantic definiteness.
Unambiguousness of a term also influences its clear semantic features
but since we do not have any researches in this field this concept cannot
always be applied. Therefore, up to 10% of English and American political
terms do not possess even a relative semantic definiteness, i.e.
definiteness in some political concerns. This situation may be explained by
the fact that the terms according to their nature are firstly simple words,
and consequently, they develop according to general laws of linguistics.
The result of this is the appearance terminological homonyms that hinder
the normal functioning of political terms in a language.
The definiteness of a term requires preciseness of an expressed idea.
It also raises the semantic definiteness of the term averting its misusage
according to it form.
Not all the terms, of course, possess the above-mentioned qualities,
but the translator/interpreter of political material should take them into
consideration while forming new terms and solving the question of
preference to one of the available term-synonyms.
The correct translation of political literature is a laborious work
despite the terms’ considerable possession of definite semantic clearness
and independence in usage.
While speaking of difficulties of translation, we imply as a matter of
the first importance, the translation general political literature, which
either do not yet have any equivalents in the translating language or have
several similar notion for the term in question or at least have one
equivalent but of doubtful adequacy. There are lots of word phrases and
idiom and terms of this kind and their number is growing with development
of technology and interrelation of people and especially with the
development of Political sciences.
To achieve a correct translation we can recommend to group the
political literature and the used in them according to their field of
application and some principles of translation of each group. All the
political terms and idioms existing in politics can be divided into three
groups:
1. terms – defining the notions of a foreign reality but identical
to the reality of the Russian language march - марш
2. terms – defining the notions of a foreign reality absent in the
Russian one but possessing generally accepted term-equivalents
National Guard – Национальная Гвардия, Territorial Army –
Территориальная Армия.
3. terms – defining the notions of a foreign reality that are not
available in the Russian language and not having generally
accepted term-equivalents: alert hanger – ангар вылета по
тревоге.
The adequacy of translation of the first group is achieved by the use
of terms implementing corresponding notions in Russian language.
At the same time, it is very important for the notion expressed by the
notion of another language to correspond in meaning rendered in Russian
language only by its main, essential attributes. The translation of an
English term poll into Russian опросы населения (голосование) is possible
only for the correspondence of their principal meaning though the
organization and methods of polling are quite different in both countries.
An adequate translation of the second group is comprised in the
selection of generally accepted Russian terminological equivalents.
Even terms, not fully meeting the above mentioned requirements due to
the terminological meaning fixed for it through the linguistic activity
will adequately fit into these rules.
An adequate translation of the words of the third group may be achieved
by means of creation of a new terms, which will have to completely merge
into the existing system of political terms underlying the systematization
of available notions, reflect the essence of the notion it expresses or at
least not to contradict it and possess an unambiguousness within its field
of application.
Thus, we have considered all the general principals in achieving and
adequate translation including translation of political literature and the
essential features of translation of political terms.
Chapter II
§ I. Grammatical difficulties of translation
The translation process of political literature from one language into
another is inevitable without necessary grammatical transformations (change
of structure). It gets great importance while making translation to add or
omit some words since the structures of languages are quite different.
Grammatical transformations are characterized by various principles –
grammatical, and lexical as well, though the principal role is given to
grammatical ones. Very often these grammatical changes are mixed so that
they have lexical-grammatical character.
The vigil of the British Embassy, supported last week by many prominent
people and still continuing, the marches last Saturday, the resolutions or
organizations have done something to show that Blair doesn’t speak for
Britain.
Круглосуточная демонстрация у здания британского консульства,
получившая на прошлой недели поддержку многих видных деятелей, всё ещё
продолжается. Эта демонстрация и состоявшиеся в субботу поход, а также
предпринятые различными организациями резолюции, явно свидетельствуют о
том, что Блэр отнюдь не говорит от имени всего английского народа.
While translating this article we have made the following changes.
The sentence was divided into two parts. We often do that when
translating short newspaper articles (news in brief) and the first lines of
the articles of informative character (leads). Practically, we are forced
to do that because the first lines usually contain main information given
in the paragraph. These sentences containing various information are not
characteristic to the style of Russian writing. The division of the
sentence made us repeat the word демонстрация.
The word vigil – бдение acquired here quite another political meaning
круглосуточная демонстрация. Since ночное бодрствование is one of the
semantic components of the word vigil the term круглосуточная демонстрация
fully renders the sense of the given word. Besides, we have to mention that
one of the words was translated like word expression получившая поддержку.
We have also added additional
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