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is
that " he is backing out of the saloon with both guns firing ", but there
is a catch to this.
He insists that the guys in the white hats keep control of the saloon
before he leaves town. He wants a non-communist bartender, and a non-
communist sheriff, and a secure non-communist town before he rides away
into the sunset of November, 1972.
In the final paragraph of the article the elements of one metaphor are
partially repeated: but all this is a little more complicated than "
backing out of the saloon ".
The images of this extended metaphor are taken from so-called "western"
— of film about cowboys in "wild" West. In this case all elements of the
developed(unwrapped) metaphor, perhaps, can be kept in translation.
Согласно последнему официальному объяснению политики президента в
отношении Индокитая, «он хочет выбраться из бара, пятясь к двери и
отстреливаясь из двух пистолетов». Но за этим кроется что-то еще.
Он хочет, чтобы парни в белых шапках следили за порядком в баре до тех
пор, пока он не уедет из города. Он хочет, чтобы бармен не был коммунистом
и чтобы шериф не был коммунистом и чтобы город заведомо не был в руках
коммунистов. И только тогда он поскачет навстречу ноябрьским сумеркам 1972
года.
And at the end of clause — «но все это несколько сложнее, чем пятясь
к двери, выбраться из бара».
However there are cases, when the preservation of all figurative
components of the developed(unwrapped) metaphor is impossible, as well as
preservation of both components of synonymic pair, for it would break the
stylistic norms of Russian.
Being purely linguistic and stylistic device – metonymy is used more
and more in political literature, perhaps, even more than metaphor.
Metonymy translation presents one of numerous problems for the use of
metonymy significantly differs in English and Russian languages. Due to
this fact the translator is often forced to go back to the primary meaning
of a word, that is to the meaning that was firstly created by metonymy.
It is a widespread case of metonymy usage – substitution of concrete
notion by an abstract one, which can not always be preserved.
"It (the flood) has hurl us a great deal, " the Pakistan Prime Minister
told correspondents last week as he toured the destruction in the flooded
provinces. ("Newsweek")
«Наводнение нанесло нам огромный ущерб»,—сказал корреспондентам премьер-
министр Пакистана, на прошлой неделе во время поездки по пострадавшим от
наводнения районам.
Concerning the translation of comparison as a stylistic device, the
difficulties arise only if the words of English and Russian languages are
various in the semantic structure. We have already considered in the
chapter of lexical transformations the question of translation of such
terms and now we would like to give the example of stylistic comparison.
Instant history, like instant coffee, can sometimes be remarkably
palatable. At least it is in this memoir by a former White House aide who
sees L.B.J. as " an extraordinarily gifted President who was the wrong man
from the wrong place at the wrong time under the wrong circumstances ".
Современная история, как и такой современный продукт, как растворимый
кофе, иногда может быть необыкновенно приятна. По крайней мере, такой ее
преподносит в своих мемуарах бывший помощник президента Джонсона, считающий
его «исключительно одаренным президентом, который был неподходящим
человеком, из неподходящего места (штат Техас), в неподходящее время, при
неподходящих обстоятельствах».
In order to preserve this playing comparison, the interpreters were
forced to apply additional words.
We discussed above the importance of articles in translation and now
we should mention once again that they can serve in stylistic purposes.
An expressiveness gets the definite article, before a indefinite
pronoun one.
... this is the one way we can achieve success in elections.
...это единственный способ достигнуть победы на выборах.
The given synonyms compensate render the stress contained the original
text.
There is another kind of stylistic transformation – actualization –
which involves transition of something simple into something unusual,
strange. It reveals potential expressiveness put in the lexical morphologic
and syntactic means of a language.
Actualization of the passive form often occurs while translating
political literature but it is not as colored as in the translations of
fiction.
The General Assembly was gaveled to order by its outgoing President.
Уходящий со своего поста председатель Генеральной Ассамблее навел
порядок в зале, энергично стуча молотком.
The expressiveness and emphasis created by the passive form of the verb
that had been formed as a result of conversion are compensated by lexical
means. The compressed nature of sentence was lost for the verb to gavel has
two semantic components one of action and an instrument that were to be
rendered in translation.
Now from everything that has been discussed above we can infer that
the usage of some of stylistic devices in English is peculiar – and bears
specific national character, therefore their direct translation in many
instances is impossible. Moreover, the impression left by some of stylistic
device maybe different in both languages, compare soft panic and тихая
паника. It can be explained not only by national features of stylistic
means and devices of some of the language but by the their multi
functioning character also – that do not always coincide – as it was shown
on the matter of alliteration. This is the main criteria causing the
necessity of stylistic transformations that involve substitution and
changes. Therefore we should warn the future translators and interpreters
that it is not important to classify the device itself but the point is to
be able to realize their ongoing effect and to identify the purpose of
their application in the translation they are working on.
§ IV. The difficulty of translation of set phrases and idioms
As far as idioms and phraseological units are concerned in translation,
the first difficulty that a translator comes across is being able to
recognize that s/he is dealing with an idiomatic expression. This is not
always so obvious. There are various types of idioms, some more easily
recognizable than others. Those which are easily recognizable include
expressions which violate truth conditions, such as It's raining cats and
dogs, throw caution to the winds, storm in a tea cup, jump down someone's
throat, and food for thought. They also include expressions which seem ill-
formed because they do not follow the grammatical rules of the language,
for example trip the light fantastic, blow someone to kingdom come, put
paid to, the powers that be, by and large, and the world and his friend.
Expressions which start with like (simile-like structures) also tend to
suggest that they should not be interpreted literally. These include idioms
such as like a bat out of hell and like water off a duck's back. Generally
speaking, the more difficult an expression is to understand and the less
sense it makes in a given context, the more likely a translator will
recognize it as an idiom. Because they do not make sense if interpreted
literally, the highlighted expressions in the following text are easy to
recognize as idioms (assuming one is not already familiar with them):
This can only be done, I believe, by a full and frank airing of the
issues. I urge you all to speak your minds and not to pull any punches.
Provided a translator has access to good reference works and
monolingual dictionaries of idioms, or, better still, is able to consult
native speakers of the language, opaque idioms which do not make sense for
one reason or another can actually be a blessing in disguise. The very fact
that s/he cannot make sense of an expression in a particular context will
alert the translator to the presence of an idiom of some sort.
There are two cases in which an idiom can be easily misinterpreted if
one is not already familiar with it:
(a) Some idioms are 'misleading'; they seem transparent because they
offer a reasonable literal interpretation and their idiomatic meanings are
not necessarily signalled in the surrounding text. A large number of idioms
in English, and probably all languages, have both a literal and an
idiomatic meaning, for example go out with ('have a romantic or sexual
relationship with someone') and take someone for a ride ('deceive or cheat
someone in some way'). Such idioms lend themselves easily to manipulation
by speakers and writers who will sometimes play on both their literal and
idiomatic meanings. In this case, a translator who is not familiar with the
idiom in question may easily accept the literal interpretation and miss the
play on idiom.
(b) An idiom in the source language may have a very close counter
part in the target language which looks similar on the surface but has
a totally or partially different meaning. For example, the idiomatic
question Has the cat had/got your tongue? is used in English to urge
someone to answer a question or contribute to a conversation, particularly
when their failure to do so becomes annoying.
Apart from being alert to the way speakers and writers manipulate
certain features of idioms and to the possible confusion which could arise
from similarities in form between source and target expressions, a
translator must also consider the collocational environment which surrounds
any expression whose meaning is not readily accessible. Idiomatic and fixed
expressions have individual collocational patterns. They form collocations
with other items in the text as single units and enter into lexical sets
which are different from those of their individual words. Take, for
instance, the idiom to have cold feet. Cold as a separate item may
collocate with words like weather, winter, feel, or country. Feet on its
own will perhaps collocate with socks, chilblain, smelly, etc. However,
having cold feet, in its idiomatic use, has nothing necessarily to do with
winter, feet, or chilblains and will therefore generally be used with a
different set of collocates.
The ability to distinguish senses by collocation is an invaluable
asset to a translator working from a foreign language. It is often subsumed
under the general umbrella of 'relying on the context to disambiguate
meanings', which, among other things, means using our knowledge of
collocational patterns to decode the meaning of a word or a stretch of
language. Using our knowledge of collocational patterns may not always tell
us what an idiom means but it could easily help us in many cases to
recognize an idiom, particularly one which has a literal as well as a non-
literal meaning.
Once an idiom or fixed expression has been recognized and interpreted
correctly, the next step is to decide how to translate it into the target
language. The difficulties involved in translating an idiom are totally
different from those involved in interpreting it. Here, the question is not
whether a given idiom is transparent, opaque, or misleading. An opaque
expression may be easier to translate than a transparent one. The main
difficulties involved in translating idioms and fixed expressions may be
summarized as follows:
(a) An idiom or fixed expression may have no equivalent in the target
language. The way a language chooses to express, or not express, various
meanings cannot be predicted and only occasionally matches the way another
language chooses to express the same meanings. One language may express a
given meaning by means of a single word, another may express it by means of
a transparent fixed expression, a third may express it by means of an
idiom, and so on. It is therefore unrealistic to expect to find equivalent
idioms and expressions in the target language as a matter of course.
Like single words, idioms and fixed expressions may be culture-
specific. Formulae such as Merry Christmas and say when which relate to
specific social or religious occasions provide good examples.
Basnett-McGuire (1980: 21) explains that the expression say when 'is
... directly linked to English social behavioral patterns' and suggests
that 'the translator putting the phrase into Russian has to contend with
the problem of the non-existence of a similar convention in either
culture'. Less problematic, but to some extent also culture-specific, are
the sort of fixed formulae that are used in formal correspondence, such as
Yours faithfully and Yours sincerely in English. These, for instance, have
no equivalents in Arabic formal correspondence. The same mismatch occurs in
relation to French and several other languages but in Russian we have
similar expression Ваш верный!
Idioms and fixed expressions which contain culture-specific items are
not necessarily untranslatable. It is not the specific items an expression
contains but rather the meaning it conveys and its association with culture-
specific contexts which can make it untranslatable or difficult to
translate. For example, the English expression to carry coals to Newcastle,
though culture-specific in the sense that it contains a reference to
Newcastle coal and uses it as a measure of abundance, is nevertheless
closely paralleled in Russian by в Тулу со своим самоваром. Both
expressions convey the same meaning, namely: to supply something to someone
who already has plenty of it.
An idiom or fixed expression may have a similar counterpart in the target
language, but its context of use may be different; the two expressions may
have different connotations, for instance, or they may not be pragmatically
transferable. To sing a different tune is an English idiom which means to
say or do something that signals a change in opinion because it contradicts
what one has said or done before. To go to the dogs ('to lose one's good
qualities') has a similar counterpart in German, but whereas the English
idiom can be used in connection with a person or a place, its German
counterpart can only be used in connection with a person and often means to
die or perish.
c) An idiom may be used in the source text in both its literal and
idiomatic senses at the same time. Unless the target-language idiom
corresponds to the source-language idiom both in form and in meaning, the
play on idiom cannot be successfully reproduced in the target text.
d) An idiom or fixed expression may have a similar counterpart in the
target language, but its context of use may be different; the two
expressions may have different connotations, for instance, or they may not
be pragmatically transferable. An idiom may be used in the source text in
both its literal and idiomatic senses at the same time. Unless the target-
language idiom corresponds to the source-language idiom both in form and in
meaning, the play on idiom cannot be successfully reproduced in the target
text.
Using idioms in English and American politics is very much a matter of
style. Languages such as Arabic and Chinese which make a sharp distinction
between written and spoken discourse and where the written mode is
associated with a high level of formality tend, on the whole, to avoid
using idioms in written texts. Fernando and Flavell discuss the
difference in rhetorical effect of using idioms in general and of using
specific types of idiom in the source and target languages and quite
rightly conclude that 'Translation is an exacting art. Idiom more than any
other feature of language demands that the translator be not only accurate
but highly sensitive to the rhetorical nuances of the language’.
§ V. Samples of translation.
Blitzkrieg молниеносная война.
Comprehensive Programme of Disarmament n Всеобъемлющая программа
разоружения.
International Nuclear Information System n международная система ядерной
информации.
National Guard n Национальная гвардия.
abet resistance v оказывать поддержку движению сопротивления (vi) .
abrogated a treaty v расторгнул договор (vi) .
1. abrogating a convention n расторжение договора.
2. abrogating a convention v расторгающий договор (vi) .
absolute rule n самовластие.
absolute war n решительные боевые действия.
accelerate upon an agreement v ускорять достижение соглашения (vi) .
1. adhering to treaty provisions n соблюдение положений договора.
2. adhering to treaty provisions v соблюдающий положения договора (vi)
adjustment of disputes n урегулирование разногласий.
administration of peace-keeping operations n осуществление операций по
поддержанию мира.
bar the way to war v преграждать путь к войне (vi) .
basic war plan n основной стратегический план.
beam the opposition v подавлять сопротивление (vi) .
brush blaze n локальная война.
brush fire war n местная война.
call to the colors v объявлять мобилизацию (vi) .
carried the day v одержал победу (vi) .
challenge to the world community n вызов международному сообществу.
change in a policy n смена политики.
chemical warfare agreement n соглашение о запрещении химического оружия.
circumvention of an agreement n обход соглашения.
claims to world superiority n притязания на мировое господство.
comparison of military expenditures in accordance with international
standards n сопоставление военных бюджетов по международным стандартам.
compensation allowance n денежная компенсация.
competitive co-existence n сосуществование в условиях соперничества.
completion of talks n завершение переговоров.
compliance with commitments n соблюдение обязательств.
conduct an arms race v вести гонку вооружений (vi) .
conduct diplomacy v проводить дипломатию (vi) .
conduct of disarmament negotiations n ведение переговоров по разоружению.
consolidation of peace n укрепление мира.
construction of all-embracing system of international secutity n создание
всеобъемлющей системы международной безопасности.
consultative board n консультативный совет.
contending nation n воюющее государство.
contest the air v оспаривать господство в воздухе (vi) .
control agency n орган управления.
convene a meeting v созывать совещание (vi) .
convene the UN Security Council v созывать Совет Безопасности ООН (vi) .
conventional armament n обычное вооружение.
desperate situation n отчаянное положение.
detentist n сторонник разрядки международной напряженности.
deterioration of resistance n ослабление сопротивления.
deterioration of resistance n ослабление сопротивления.
diminished international tension n спад международной безопасности.
diplomatic attack n дипломатическая атака.
diplomatic co-operation n дипломатическое сотрудничество.
diplomatic decision n дипломатическое решение.
disarmament issue n проблема разоружения.
disarmament negotiation n переговоры о разоружении.
disaster control n меры по ликвидации последствий нападения.
1. drafting an agreement n составление текста соглашения.
2. drafting an agreement v составляющий текст соглашения (vi) .
ease international tension v смягчать международную обстановку (vi) .
entered into alliance v вступил в союз (vi) .
established an organization v создал организацию (vi) .
financial service n служба финансового довольствия.
graves registration service n похоронная служба.
1. heading off the arms race n воспрепятствование гонке вооружений.
2. heading off the arms race v воспрепятствовавший гонке вооружений (vi) .
implement a goal v осуществлять цель (vi) .
in-depth assessment n глубокая оценка.
isolationist posture n изоляционистская политика.
large-scale production n крупномасштабное производство.
1. leading to positive solutions n приведение к положительным результатам.
2. leading to positive solutions v приводящий к положительным результатам
legal branch n юридическая служба.
ligitimate rights n законные права.
maintain mastery v удерживать господство в воздухе (vi) .
maintain neutrality v соблюдать нейтралитет (vi) .
maintain stability v поддерживать стабильность (vi) .
maintained a status quo v сохранил статус-кво (vi) .
making demands v выдвигающий требования (vi) .
1. managing non-compliance n урегулирование вопроса о несоблюдении.
2. managing non-compliance v урегулировавший вопрос о несоблюдении
mandatory embargo n обязательное эмбарго.
meet an aggression v отражать нападение агрессора (vi) .
meet the demand v отвечать требованию (vi) .
militarese n военный язык.
military high court n верховный военный суд.
mounting of international tension n усиление международной напряженности.
moved a resolution v предложил резолюцию (vi) .
mutual co-operation n взаимное сотрудничество.
mutual commitment n взаимное обязательство.
mutual deterrence n взаимное сдерживание путем устрашения.
mutually acceptable agreement n взаимоприемлемое решение.
mutually advantageous treaty n взаимовыгодный договор.
mutually beneficial reductions of armaments n взаимовыгодные сокращения
вооружений.
mutually beneficial treaty n взаимовыгодный договор.
negotiated treaty text n согласованный текст договора.
negotiating atmosphere n атмосфера на переговорах.
negotiating forum n форум для переговоров.
negotiating parties n договаривающиеся стороны.
negotiating priority n приоритетный вопрос на переговорах.
negotiating process n процесс переговоров.
negotiating stalemate n тупик на переговорах.
negotiations behind the scene n закулисные переговоры.
new mentality n новая психология.
no-cities strategy n стратегия избежания поражения крупных городов.
noble goal n благородная цель.
non-aligned status n статус неприсоединившегося государства.
non-alignment with military blocs n неприсоединение к военным блокам.
non-armament agreements n соглашения о невооружении.
non-governmental expert n неправительственный эксперт.
non-interference in internal affairs n невмешательство во внутренние дела.
non-strategic a нестратегический.
nuclear co-operation agreement n соглашение о сотрудничестве в ядерной
области.
observed a status v соблюл статус (vi) .
observer status n статус обозревателя.
1. observing a truce n соблюдение условий перемирия.
2. observing a truce v соблюдающий условия перемирия (vi) .
1. observing to treaty provisions n соблюдение положений договора.
2. observing to treaty provisions v соблюдающий положения договора (vi) .
occurrence of nuclear war n возникновение ядерной войны.
offensive-arms agreement n соглашение о наступательных вооружениях.
offer co-operation v предлагать сотрудничество (vi) .
1. overcoming the deadlock n выход из тупика.
2. overcoming the deadlock v выходящий из тупика (vi) .
overcontrol n чрезмерная централизация управления.
overhead expenses n накладные расходы.
prolongation of a treaty n продление договора.
1. putting a stop to the arms race n остановка гонки вооружения .
2. putting a stop to the arms race v останавливающий гонку (vi) .
putting in jeopardy v ставящий под угрозу (vi) .
random surprise verification n выборочная внезапная проверка.
range of measures n комплекс мер.
1. re-establishing equilibrium n восстановление равновесия.
2. re-establishing equilibrium v восстанавливающий равновесие (vi) .
reduction of military budgets n сокращение военных бюджетов.
1. rendering assistance n оказание содействия.
2. rendering assistance v оказывающий содействие (vi) .
severe contraction n резкое сокращение.
system of declaration n система объявлений.
tables of information and characteristics n информационно-
характеристические таблицы.
1. tabling for consideration n представление на рассмотрение.
2. tabling for consideration v представляющий на рассмотрение (vt) .
tactical program n программа оперативно-тактической подготовки.
take a series of unilateral steps v предпринимать серию односторонних
шагов (vi) .
take-it-or-leave-it approach n бескомпромиссный подход.
1. taking the strain off n разрядка напряженности.
2. taking the strain off v разряжающий напряженность (vi) .
tangible progress n ощутимый прогресс.
throwdown v 1) свергать (vi) ; 2) свергать (vt) .
top level forum n высокий форум.
top priority n высший приоритет.
top secret adv секретно.
top-priority a первоочередной.
topical problem n актуальная проблема.
topicality of proposals n актуальность предложений.
treaty assessment n оценка действия договора.
treaty of unlimited duration n бессрочный договор.
turn down a resolution v отклонять резолюцию (vi) .
turn out data v выдавать данные (vi) .
turned down a resolution v отклонил резолюцию (vi) .
ultimate truth n истина в последней инстанции.
ulterior motive n скрытый мотив.
ultimate reply n решительный ответ.
unacceptable conditions n неприемлемые условия.
unacceptable damage n неприемлемый ущерб.
unacceptable terms n неприемлемые условия.
unattainable goal n неосуществимая цель.
unavailing efforts n тщетные усилия.
unbridled escalation of the arms race n неконтролируемая гонка вооружений.
unchangeable status quo n неизменный статус - кво.
uncontrollable situation n неуправляемая ситуация.
under the agreement adv по соглашению.
under the conditions of glasnost adv в условиях гласности.
under the conditions of openness adv в условиях гласности.
under the conditions of peace adv в условиях мира.
under the eagis of the United Nations adv под эгидой ООН.
under the treaty adv согласно договору.
undermine an agreement v подрывать соглашение (vi) .
undermine stability v подрывать стабильность (vi) .
1. undermining a meeting n подрыв совещания.
2. undermining a meeting v подрывающий совещание (vi) .
unit veto n всеобщее вето.
universal annihilation n всеобщее уничтожение.
unofficial meeting n неофициальная встреча.
unproductive conference n безрезультатное совещание.
unswerving supporter n непоколебимый сторонник.
urgent demand n настоятельное требование.
urgent problem n неотложная проблема.
vote for a resolution v голосовать за резолюцию (vi) .
voted-down draft n отклоненный проект.
1. waging operations n проведение боевых действий.
2. waging operations v проводящий боевые действия (vi) .
1. wandering away n уклонение.
2. wandering away v уклоняющийся (vi) .
wanton aggression n ничем не вызванная агрессия.
wanton interference n ничем не вызванное вмешательство.
war by proxy n война чужими руками.
war diplomacy n дипломатия войны.
war of annihilation n война на уничтожение.
war of attrition n война на истощение.
war of liberation n освободительная война.
war preparedness n готовность к войне.
war propaganda n пропаганда войны.
war-time diplomacy n дипломатия военного времени.
widening of international ties n расширение международных связей.
won with wide recognition v получил широкое признание (vi) .
working language n рабочий язык.
Conclusion
In the given Qualification Paper we have investigated various
translation methods of political literature from English into Russian. We
tried to give a detailed study of the features of translation of Political
literature for it is one of the types of translation that has not been
studied in details in our country up to this time.
Moreover, we’ve studied the translation methods of Political
literature and political terms at a deeper level, the types and ways of
translation of Political literature; we’ve also considered the function of
political literature in everyday life of the humanity.
The aim of this work was to introduce the translation approach to
Political literature so that to make it easy to perceive for those willing
to keep up their educational and scientific carrier in the science of
translation, it was purposed to broaden their view on translation studies
and peculiar features while translating Political literature.
In this work we’ve completed the following tasks:
- we’ve reviewed all the sources of Political literature
- methods of translation of Political literature have been carefully
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