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that rises in the still is condensed by cooling
to make whisky. The shape of the still affects the vapor and so helps to
give the whisky its taste. The most important single influence on the taste
of Scotch whisky is probably the Scottish water. This is why distilleries
are situated in narrow glens or in remote country near a tumbling stream.
The whisky comes colorless and fiery from the spirit receiver. In the
spirit vat it is diluted to about 110 degrees proof before being run into
oak casks to mature. Today, 100 degrees proof spirit by British standards
is spirit with 37.1 per cent of alcohol by volume, and 42.9 per cent of
water.
Scotch whisky cannot legally be sold for consumption until it has
matured in casks for at least three years. The time a whisky takes to
mature depends on the size of the casks used, the strength at which the
spirit is stored and the temperature and humidity of the warehouse. A good
malt whisky may have been left in the cask for 15 years, or even longer.
Air enters the oak casks and evaporation takes place. Eventually, the
whisky loses its coarseness and becomes smooth and mellow.
There are more than 100 distilleries in Scotland and the whisky made in
each has its own distinctive character. Some distilleries bottle part of
their spirit and sell it as a single whisky; but most whiskies go to a
blender. As many as 40 different single whiskies may be blended to make up
the whisky that is eventually sold. So specifically associated with
Scotland has whisky he-come that the mere adjective SCOTCH requires no
noun to be supplied in order that people should know what is meant.
Burns Night (25 January)
The anniversary of the poet's birth, is celebrated in every corner of
Scotland, and indeed wherever a handful of Scots is to be found. There are
hundreds of Burns Clubs scattered throughout the world, and they all
endeavour to hold Burns Night celebrations to mark the birth of Scotland's
greatest poet. The first club was founded at Greenock in 1802. The
traditional menu at the suppers is cock-a-leekie soup (chicken broth),
boiled salt herring, haggis with bashed neeps (turnips), and champit
tatties (mashed potatoes) and dessert. The arrival of the haggis is
usually heralded by the music of bagpipes. The haggis is carried into the
dining room behind a piper wearing traditional dress. He then reads a poem
written especially for the haggis! "The Immortal Memory" is toasted, and
the company stand in silent remembrance. Then fellows dancing, pipe music,
and selections from Burns's lyrics, the celebration concluding with the
poet's famous Auld tang Syne.
Loch Ness and the Monster
Whatever it is that stirs in Loch Ness, it is no newcomer. An
inscription on a fourteenth-century map of the loch tells vaguely but
chillingly of "waves without wind, fish without fins, islands that float".
"Monster" sightings are not limited to Loch Ness: Lochs Awe, Rannoch,
Lomond and Morar have all been said to contain specimens. The Loch Ness
Monster owes its great fame to the opening of a main road along the north
shore of the loch in 1933. Since then, distant views of "four shining black
humps", "brownish-gray humps" have kept visitors flocking to the loch.
People who have seen the phenomenon more closely say that it is "slug-like"
or "eel-like", with a head resembling a seal's or a gigantic snail's, while
the long neck is embellished with a horse's mane. Its length has been
estimated at anything between 8 and 23 metres, and its skin texture la
"warty" and "slimy". Close observers, too, particularly Hr George Spicer
and his wife who saw it jerking across a lochside road in 1933, have
declared it "fearful".
It is not surprising that such waters, cupped in savage hills, should
produce legends. Loch Ness is part of the Great Glen, a geological fault
that slashes across Scotland like a sword-cut. The loch itself is 24 miles
long, about a mile broad and has an average depth of 400 feet. Loch Ness
has one direct outlet to the sea, the shallow River Ness, and it is fed by
eight rivers and innumerable streams, each of which pours the peaty soil of
the hills into the loch. Consequently, the water is dark. Divers working
with powerful arc lamps 15 metres below the surface have been unable to see
for more than 3 metres around them.
Over the past 40 years, sightings have been claimed by more than 1000
people. Most of the sightings were in bright sunlight conditions of flat
calm, and several of the witnesses were trained observers - soldiers,
doctors, seamen. Though many of the sightings were from a distance,
witnesses have been convinced they were looking at a large animal, most of
whose body was hidden beneath the water.
If it exists, it is most unlikely that the Loch Ness monster is a
single animal. A prehistoric creature, living alone in Loch Ness, cut off
from others of its kind, would have to be millions of years old. For the
species to survive there must be quite a large colony. The colony theory
is also supported by nearly simultaneous sightings in different parts of
the loch. According to naturalists, the chances of the creature being a
reptile are remote. Though Loch Ness never freezes, its temperature never
rises above 6°C and this would be too cold for any known species. Also,
reptiles breathe air, and would have to surface more frequently than the
monster appears to. Though most zoologists deny the possibility that a
large and unknown animal might be living in Loch Ness, it is remarkable
that the mystery continues; and it is perhaps more exciting than any final
scientific solution.
Scottish Weddings
Everybody knows about Gretna Green, the famous Scottish village just
beyond the border. In the old days runaway couples escaped from England to
Gretna Green to get married. The practice started in the year 1774. In that
year a bill was passed in England forbidding marriages of person under
eighteen without their parents’ consent. In Scotland the legal age limit
was sixteen - and still is for that matter. What is more, until the year
1856 the young couple could be married at once at any place in Scotland,
without having to stay there for some time.
You may ask why all those young people chose Gretna Green for their
wedding. After all, there are many romantic places in Scotland. The answer
is simple. Gretna Green was the nearest village across the Scottish border,
only ten miles of Carlisle, on the main highway. To get there took the
least time and the least money.
The blacksmith at Gretna Green was always ready to perform the marriage
ceremony at a small fee. The formalities were very simple. All that was
needed was a declaration made by the young couple in the presence of two
witnesses. Visitors of Gretna Green can still see the old blacksmith’s
shop and the famous marriage room in it.
The old tradition is still remembered. Many young couples who cannot
get married in England because they are under age still think it romantic
to go to Gretna Green. But today they must have enough money to stay there
for three weeks.
Highland Games
Perhaps the most distinctive event at a Highland Gathering is “Tossing
the Caber” - or, as the sixteenth-century writer called it, “throwing the
bar”. The caber is the trunk - of a fir tree 20 feet long and ten inches
(25 cm) thick at the bigger end. Its weight is about 100 kilos and it needs
two or three men to lift it upright with the thick end at the top. The
competitor then lakes hold of it and rests it against his shoulder. He
takes two or three steps and then throws it so that it turns a complete
somersault. The straightest throw, that is nearest to 12 o’clock in
direction, gets the most points. If none of the competitors is able to toss
the caber, a bit is sawn off the end, and then, if necessary, another bit,
until at last one competitor succeeds.
Another feat of strength is throwing the hammer. This has a long handle
and weighs ten kilos. The competitor is not allowed to run, he stands still
and sweeps it round and round his head several times.
For all events, except races, the kilt must be worn. For highland
dances, of which there are many varieties, the competitors wear full
highland dress. This includes a smart jacket worn with coloured buttons and
a “sporran” or purse made of fur, which hangs at the waist. The mast
difficult and intricate of the dances is the sword-dance, performed over a
pair of crossed swords which must not be touched by the dancer’s feet.
Wales
Wales is the country in the west of Great Britain. It is mainly a
mountainous land with a chiefly agricultural economy and an industrial and
coal-mining area in the south. The landscape is beautiful. Many English
people move to Wales when they retire.
Cardiff, a large city in the south, was chosen as the capital of Wales
in 1955, mainly because of its size. Since 1536, Wales has been governed by
England and the heir to the throne of England has the title of Prince of
Wales, but Welsh people have strong sense of identity. There is a Welsh
National party which wants independence from the United Kingdom and the
Welsh language is still used in certain parts of the country.
Welsh is an ancient Celtic language, similar to Breton, spoken in
Brittany, France. In the 60’s Welsh was given equal status with English as
an official language and is used in the law courts. It is taught in school
and some TV program is broadcast in Welsh. However, only about 20% of the
population speaks Welsh.
St. David’s Day (1st March)
Dewi (“David” in English), was the son of a Welsh chieftain. He was
brought up as a Christian and went abroad to learn more about the life of a
monk. Then he returned to Wales and founded many monasteries which became
centers of religion and learning in the Welsh countryside. The monks lived
a simple life of player, growing their own herbs and vegetables and
offering generous hospitality to anyone in need. Because David’s holiness
and his inspiring teaching, he was made a bishop. The center of his
bishopric was in the settlement we now know as St. David’s on the Western
tip of the country of Dyfed.
David is thought to have died on 1st march, AD 589, and his shrine at
St. David’s was a place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages. Later, when
people of North and South Wales became one nation, he was chosen as the
patron saint of Wales.
A legend tells how David suggested that his people should wear a leek
in their bonnets during battles so that they could be easily recognized;
Welsh Guards are still distinguished by a green and white plume in their
black bearskins. At Windsor, on the Sunday nearest St. David’s day, it is
now a tradition that every member of the Brigade of Welsh Guards is given a
leek by a member of the Royal Family. However, as St. David’ Day is
celebrated at the beginning of Spring when daffodils, are blooming, this
flower has become a second, more graceful emblem of Wales. David’s own
emblem is a dove.
It is said that David had a sweet singing voice. He encouraged his
monks to sing as well as possible for the glory of God, and perhaps this
was the beginning of the Welsh tradition of fine made-voice choirs.
Many churches are dedicated to David in southwest Wales, and if you are
traveling there, you might visit the cathedral at St. David’s. Other places
too are called after the saint, and you may visit Llandewi or Capel Dewi or
Ffynor Dewi
The Welsh "national" costume
Seen on the dolls and postcards is largely a myth created for tourism.
Certainly, the seventeenth-century country women wore long coloured skirts,
a white apron and a tall black hat, but so did English women at that time.
In the nineteenth century, the idea of a national costume was born and this
pleased both tourists and locals, although there is no evidence at all of a
long-lost costume.
The Welsh Eisteddfodau
No country in the world has a greater love of music and poetry than the
people of Wales. Today, Eisteddfodau are held at scores of places
throughout Wales, particularly from May to early November. The habit of
holding similar events dates back to early history, and there are records
of competitions for Welsh poets and musicians in the twelfth century. The
Eisteddfod sprang from the National Assembly of Bards. It was held
occasionally up to 1B19, but since then has become an annual event for the
encouragement of Welsh literature and music and the preservation of the
Welsh language and ancient national customs.
The Royal National Eisteddfod of Wales is held annually early in
August, its actual venue varying from year to year. It attracts Welsh
people from all over the world. The programme Includes male and mixed
choirs, brass-band concerts, many children's events, drama, arts and crafts
and, of course, the ceremony of the Crowning of the Bard.
Next in importance is the great Llangollen International Music
Eisteddfod. held early in July and attended by competitors from many
countries, all wearing their picturesque and often colourful national
costumes. It is an event probably without parallel anywhere in the world.
There are at least twenty-five other major Eisteddfodau from May to
November. In addition to the Eisteddfodau, about thirty major Welsh Singing
festivals are held throughout Wales during the same period of time.
Lovespoons
Lovespoons were given by suitors to their sweethearts in Wales from the
seventeenth to the early nineteenth century. The custom of giving
lovespoons died out in the nineteenth century but they continued to be
carved especially in some country districts. Making lovespoons became
something of an art form and woodwork competitions and Eisteddfoday often
had examples of the genre.
In recent years, interest in lovespoons has reawakened and many people
seek them out as desirable keepsakes. Visitors to Wales, particularly from
overseas, wanting something uniquely Welsh to remind them of their visit
often choose a lovespoon. There is also a growing tendency for Welsh people
themselves to give lovespoons as gifts to commemorate special occasions — a
new baby, a birthday, an impending marriage, a retirement or to celebrate a
success of some kind. Lovespoons also make excellent Christmas presents.
Today, when most people have neither the tine nor the inclination to carve
their own lovespoons, the accepted practice is to buy a ready-made example
of the craft or to commission one of the woodcarver specialists to make
one.
Since pre-history, beautiful, hand-carved objects have had ceremonial,
romantic and religious significance: long incense and cosmetic spoons, for
example, have survived from Egyptian times. In the Middle Ages, a pair of
knives in a sheath was considered a worthy gift and it was common for a
bridegroom to present his bride with one: such sets were known as "wedding
knives".
The history of kitchen utensils and the spoon belongs to Western
culture. The history of the lovespoon belongs to Welsh romantic folklore.
From the mid-seventeenth century, lovespoons were carved from wood in
Wales and there is one dated 1677 in the collection at the Welsh Folk
Museum in Cardiff. It is amazing that it has survived because wooden
objects are not particularly durable.
From the seventeenth century, the custom grew for a young man to give a
spoon to the lady who took his fancy. Thus, particularly attractive young
ladies might be given a number of spoons from aspiring suitors. It may be
that modern word, "spooning" indicating a closer development of a
relationship, is derived from this practice of giving a love token.
Early lovespoons were carved from sycamore which was readily available
in the low-lying country districts of Wales. The main tool used was a
pocket knife. Those who made such spoons were amateurs and it was a way of
passing the time on long winter evenings. Imagine a young man busily
shaping a spoon in a small room lit only by candlelight or the glow of a
fire.
Numerous examples of lovespoons have been found throughout Wales but
the giving and receiving of a spoon did not develop into "a ritual of
betrothal". Indeed, there is strong evidence to suggest that giving a
lovespoon expressed a desire for a relationship and was not an affirmation
that a relationship had already begun.
Some young men did not have the time or the skill to carve their own
spoons and professional lovespoon carters emerged. It was again, a question
of demand and supply. Spoons were bartered for or purchased from these
skilled craftsmen and a tradition of spoons made by the same wood worker
grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It was no wonder then,
that the spoon became more decorative and elaborate.
A number of design factors should be mentioned in relation to spoon
carving including size, weight, color and the nature of the completed
artifact. As far as size is concerned, the earliest spoons were little
bigger than the modern teaspoon, their use was limited, and larger spoons
soon came to be carved. This meant that the handles, in particular, could
be more and more elaborate. As they became more decorative, the spoons were
displayed by hanging them on the wall in the living room or parlour. The
weight and type of wood used for such a spoon depended on the setting in
which it was to be displayed. Softwoods were often preferred and the colour
selected so that it would look good against a wall.
A great deal of imagination was used in the creation of lovespoons.
This elaboration was gradual. Two or even three bowls were carved instead
of one to make it more interesting and attractive. Eventually, the bowl
became less important and attention turned first to the handle and then to
embellishments or additions to the handle. Sometimes the handle was
enlarged or made rectangular in shape. At other times, filigree was added.
The handle was pierced, cutting designs in fretwork or carving in relief
were devices to add interest and meaning to the spoon. In this way,
symbols were incorporated: hearts, locks, keys, shields, anchors and wheels
were favoured themes.
A heart or a series of hearts was the most popular expression of love
used on spoons. These might be single or entwined to suggest that the boy
and his girl would soon feel the same way about each other. As the spoons
became more decorative, their utilitarian use ceased altogether and they
were used more for display. The heart was also an attractive and
convenient device for suspending the spoon on a wall. Indeed, most spoons
have a device for hanging them up, indicating that they were decorative
rather than functional.
Anchors in particular were popular: the suitor has found a berth where
he wished to stay. Many lovespoons were the work of seafarers who whiled
away the tedium of a voyage by whittling. Besides anchors, ropes and cable
designs often appear, as do vessels, steering wheels and various other
nautical emblems.
Locks (keeping love or a lover safe), keys (unlocking love), miniature
cottages and houses are recurrent themes with associations of lovers making
a life together. The key may have a triple significance for it may indicate
unlocking the door to the heart, it may indicate maturity (reaching 21 and
the key to the door theme) or it may mean "let's live in marriage
together".
Chain links look very difficult to carve and are another development of
the whittler's art showing the woodworker's skill. Suggestions are that the
links symbolically "link" the sweethearts together in love and
possibly matrimony.
It must be stressed that many assumptions have been made about the
meanings of the motifs which appear on lovespoons. Imagery is always
difficult to explain and certain motifs may have had more personal
significance for the donor than can be appreciated by the casual observer.
Spoons were not mass-produced but made by one individual for another and
many relied on personal nuances other than symbols to convey meaning.
Some spoons are dated. If the couple eventually marry, they then become
a keepsake of the suitor's original interest. Other spoons are personalized
either by initials or by an emblem of the occupation or the interests of
the donor or donor. Often a carver wishes to incorporate a date, a
monogram, a motto, a name or a quotation into a carving. If he wants to
keep it a secret, he may work the date or name into the design.
Nationalistic emblems such as a daffodil, a leek, the word Cymru or
even a dragon are sometimes used, but they are usually to be found on
modern spoons. Some spoons are intended to be in the nature of Valentines
and to be anonymous. It is difficult to understand, though, that someone
who had spent many hours creating such a gift would not want his work to be
appreciated. Others are decorated with dual initials, those of the suitor
and his lady or with a single initial when we are left to guess whether
this represents the donor or the donor. But we must try not to read too
much into the minds of the carvers of earlier days. Whatever we think, we
cannot help being amazed by the consummate skill of these lovespoon
craftsmen.
The Welsh National Game
Rugby is a form of football. It is named after Rugby School in
Warwickshire where it was developed, though the exact date (1823 or later)
is in dispute.
Rugby is the national game of Welsh team was thought to be the best of
the world. The rules of the game are rather complicated but mainly involve
the carrying of an egg-shaped ball over your opponents’ line and pressing
it firmly on the ground to score a try. A team consists of fifteen players,
eight of whom are usually much bigger and heavier than the rest. Their job
is to win the ball so that the three-quarters can run forward over the
line, trying to avoid the tackles of the opposing team. Often the heavier
forwards can be seen pushing together in a scrum, trying to kick the ball
backwards. Although the game seems to be similar to American football, the
players are not allowed to throw the ball forward. Other point can be won
by kicking the ball between the special “H” – shaped goal – posts.
When the Welsh side are playing at home at Cardiff Arms Park their
supporters often try to encourage them to play better by singing the Welsh
National anthem, “Land of My Fathers”. The sound of thousands of Welsh
voices singing this famous song usually helps the Welsh side to score
another try to win the game. Naturally they are especially pleased when
this is against the English!
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland, also known as Ulster, is still a part of the United
Kingdom. It is made up of six countries: Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh,
Londonderry, Tyrone. One third of the population lives in and around the
capital, Belfast. Belfast is also the mast important port and commercial
and industrial centre. Some parts of the territory, those that are not
close to capital, have remained mainly rural.
The Irish population is divided into two groups: the Protestants and
the Catholics. The Protestants are of British origin. They are descendants
of British settlers who came to Ireland in XVth and XVIIth centuries,
during and after the Reformation. The Catholics are mostly natives of
Ireland.
The Protestants were the majority and dominated the Catholics with
strong discrimination. In1968 the Catholics began the movement for equal
civil rights.
The fightings between the two groups of the population continue to this
day.
Canada
Canada is the second largest country in the world. Only Russia has a
greater land area. Canada is situated in North America. Canada is slightly
larger than United States, but has only about a tenth as many people. About
28 million people live in Canada. About 80% of the population live within
320 km of the southern border. Much of the rest of Canada is uninhabited or
thinly populated because of severe natural conditions.
Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2 territories. Canada is an
independent nation. But according to the Constitution Act of 1982 British
Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is recognized as Queen of
Canada. This symbolizes the country’s strong ties to Britain. Canada was
ruled by Britain completely until 1867, when Canada gained control of its
domestic affairs. Britain governed Canada’s foreign affairs until1931, when
Canada gained all independence.
Canada’s people are varied. About 57% of all Canadians have some
English ancestry and about 32% have some French ancestry. Both English and
French are official languages of the country. French Canadians, most of
whom live in the provinces of Quebec, have kept the language and customs of
their ancestors. Other large ethnic group are German, Irish and Scottish
people. Native people-American Indians and Eskimos-make up about 2% of the
country’s population. 77% of Canada’s people live in cities or towns.
Toronto and Montreal are the largest urban areas. Ottawa is the capital of
the country.
Today, maintaining a sense of community is one of major problems in
Canada because of different among the provinces and territories. Many
Canadians in western and eastern parts of the country feel that the federal
government does not pay enough attention to their problems. 80% of Quebec’s
population are French Canadians. Many of them believe that their province
should receive a special recognition in the Canadian constitution.
History of Canada
Canada’s history is an exciting story of development of a vast
wilderness into a great nation. Most experts believe that the first people
who lived on this land came from Asia about 15000 years ago. They came over
a land bridge that once connected Asia and North America. Their descendants
are known today as Indians. The ancestors of the Eskimos came to Alaska
after them probably about 5000 years ago.
In 1497, John Cabot, an Italian navigator in the service of England,
found rich fishing grounds off Canada’s south-east coast. His discovery led
to the European exploration of Canada. France set up a colony in Eastern
Canada in the early 1600’s. Great Britain gained control of the country in
1763, and thousands of Britain emigrants came in Canada. In 1867, the
French and English-speaking Canadians helped to create a united colony
called the Dominion of Canada. Two groups worked together to settle the
country and to develop its great mineral deposits and other natural
resources.
Canada gained its independence from Britain in 1931. During the middle
of 20th century, hard-working Canadians turned their country into an
economic giant. Today Canada is a leading producer of wheat, oats, barley.
Canada also ranks among the world’s top manufacturing countries, and it is
a major producer of electronic power.
Throughout its history, Canada has often been troubled by lack of unity
among its people. French Canadians, most of them live in the province
Quebec, have struggled to preserve their own culture. They have long been
angered by Canadian policies based on British traditions. Many of them
support a movement to make Quebec a separate nation. People in Canada’s
nine other provinces also frequently local needs over national interests.
Australia
Australia is the only country in the world that also a continent. It is
sixth large country and the smallest continent. Australia lies between the
South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is situated about 11000 km
southwest of North America and about 3200 km southeast of mainland Asia.
The name of the country comes from Latin word “australis” which mean
southern. The country’s official name is Commonwealth of Australia.
The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of states. Australia has
six states-new South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
and Western Australia. Each state has its government. Australia has two
territories-the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory.
The capital of the country is Canberra.
Australia is a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain. The nation
is administered under written constitution. The British monarch, Queen
Elizabeth II, is also queen of Australia and country’s head of state. But
the queen has little power in the Australian government. She serves mainly
as a symbol of long historical tie between Great Britain and Australia.
Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations which is an
association formed by Britain and some of its former colonies.
Australia is a one of the word’s developed countries. Australia has
modern factories, highly productive mines and farms, and busy cities. It is
the world’s leading producer of wool and bauxite. It also produces and
exports large amounts of other minerals and farm goods. Income from the
export enables Australian to have high standard of living. The most
important trading partners of Australia are Japan and the United States.
Святой Георгий или Вильям Шекспир?
Национальный праздник англичан – 23 апреля, день святого Георгия, их
покровителя. В этот день проходят торжественные церемонии в соборе святого
Павла в Виндзоре, а также в некоторых других местных церквах. Но 23 апреля,
кроме того, день рождения и день памяти Вильяма Шекспира, и он отмечается
намного шире.
Центром этого праздника небольшой (20 тысяч жителей) городок Стратфорд
на реке Эйвон, где в 1564 году родился поэт. Городок живет памятью о
Шекспире круглый год, по сути, он сам – музей, состоящий из десятка
«залов»: это дом, где родился поэт, грамматическая школа, где он учился,
дома его матери, жены, дочери, дом, где Шекспир провел последние годы
жизни, приходская церковь, где он похоронен. И, конечно, Шекспировский
центр, Шекспировский институт и Королевский Шекспировский театр. В городе
всегда царит оживление. Существуют четкие маршруты экскурсий, открыто
множество гостиниц, автостоянок, постоянно идут спектакли. Собственно, вся
жизнь города подчинена приему гостей.
Но самый главный день в году – 23 апреля. Еще накануне съезжаются
оркестры, самодеятельные ансамбли, прибывают послы и дипломаты иностранных
государств. Повсюду продаются веточки ароматного вечнозеленого розмарина,
которые вставляют в петлицы и носят в знак памяти. Утром организуется прием
в Королевском Шекспировском театре. ( Огромное здание из красного кирпича
выглядит очень современно, но совсем не нарушает общего патриархального
пейзажа – река, невысокие часовни, каменные домишки, разлинованные дубовыми
досками; естественно выглядят расположившиеся на траве прямо рядом с
театром люди, конечно, если день выдается солнечный.) Из театра в
соответствии со строго разработанным ритуалом торжественная процессия
следует к дому, где Шекспир провел свои детские годы. В этом доме колыбель,
железный обруч – прообраз
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