Boris Godunov (реферат, английский) - История - Скачать бесплатно
Boris Godunov
Boris Godunov (about 1552 – 1605) was the Russian tsar since 1598; came to
power in the time of “oprichnina”; was the tsar Fedor Ivanovich’s wife’s
brother and actually rulled the state instead of him. He strengthered the
central authoritybaning on the nobility and supported peasants enslavement
Boris Feodorovich Godunov (about 1549 or 1552 – April 13/23, 1605, Moscow),
the Russian tsar.
Origin
According to the legend the Godunovs came from the tatar prince Chet. Who
came to Russia in the time of Ivan Kalita. This legend is written down in
the annals dating back to the beginning of the 17th century. According to
the tsar chronicle of 1555 the Godunovs (as well as Saburovs, the
Velyaminous) come from Dmitriy Zern, who was evidently, a feudal lord from
Kostroma. Inspite of the validity of this point of view, there is still a
chance that there is some truth in the legend about Chet too. And it is not
accidental that some ancestors of separate branches of Chet’s descendants
had the names of the tatar origin (Sabur, Godun).
Boris Feodorovich Godunov’s father died at the end of the Gos. The son
became an “oprichnik”. He was married to the tsar’s favorit Malyuta
Skuratov’s daughtes. Since the beginning of 1570s the rise of the Godunovs
begins. Boris Feodorovich himself, wasn’t close to the tsar Ivan the
Terrible, though he became a boyar in September, 1580. At least on the
wedding of the tsar and Maria the Nude (November, 1580). He was only
tsaritsa’s (“bridesmade”) “drugka”. But the increasing role of the family
in significant, as the whole clan of the Godunovs were present on the
wedding. They slowly but steadily went up the rank stairs, at the end of
the 1570s – the beginning of the 1580s they won several cases and so
security their position among the Moscow nobility. Godunov was clever and
cautious, trying to keep in the backgroung for the time being. The tsar’s
son Feodor was married the Godunov’s sister Irine. Godunov’s rise is the
result of a historical accident and, at the same time, the manifestation of
the common regularity of the self-development of Russian society. Boris
would have been on of the many Godunovs in the History, if there hadn’t
happened a quarrel between the tsar and his son Ivan in Alexandrovsk
Sloboda November, 9, 1581. Ivan the Terrible sbruk his son with his cane
and got in a temple and in ten days (November, 19) the prince died. After
Ivan Ivanovich’s death Feodor became the successor to the throne.
Up to 1584 Godunov wasn’t close to the tsar, but some deeds and plans of
Ivan the Terrible affected the interests of the Godunovs and Boris
inpanticular radically. The tsar wanted to marry Maria Gastings, a relative
of Elizabeth, queen of England and to dissolve the marriage between Feodor
and childless Irine Godunov. In the tsar’s last year Godunov got a great
influence at the count. Together witn B. J. Belsky he became of Ivan the
Terrible’s favorites. Godunov’s role in the death of the tsar is not quite
clear March, 18, 1584 Ivan the Terrible, according to D. Gorsey’s evidence,
was “strangled”. It is possible, that there was a plot against the tsar.
However, anthropologist M. M. Gerasimov, who was studying the tsar during
the last minutes of his lofe and they announced the tsar’s death from the
porch.
Feodor Ivanovich came to the throne. The new tsar was incapable of rulling
the country and required a clever adviser. The struggle for the right to be
the spokesman of the interests if the new monarch flared up and Boris came
the winner out of it. Feodor reigned for 14 years and, at least, 13 of them
Godunov was the actual ruller.
Internal and Foreign Policy of Godunov’s Government.
The activity of Godunov’s Government timed at all-round streng the ning of
statehood. Due to his efforts the first Russian patriarch, metropolitan
Yov, was elected. The establishment of patriachate testified to the
enhanced prestige of Russia.
In internal policy of Godunov’s government the common sence and thrift
prevaited. Unprecedent construction if cities and fortifications took
place. The church building was also carried to facilitate the stale of
“posadsky” people. The big servants (officials) held trading people and
handcraftsmen in their “white slobodas”, which were released from paying
the state taxes, before. But now everyone who was engaged in trade and
crafts should enter “posadsky” communities and participate in the payment
of dutries to the treasury. So the number of such people increased, and
each payer had to pay less, as the total sum remained constant.
The economical crisis of 1570s – the beginning of 1580s (forced) caused the
establishment of serfhood. In 1597 the decree of “ ”,
according to which the peasants who had run from their masters “during the
last five years were subject to investigation, caurt and returning back to
the peaces they lived before”. Those who ran six and more years ago
weren’tsubject to that decree and more years ago weren’t subject to that
decree and didn’t have to be returned to their former owners.
In foreign policy Godunov proved to be a talented diplomat. On the 18th of
May in 1595 in Tjavrin (near Ivangorod) the peace treaty between Russia and
Sweden was concluded. Godunov managed to take avantage of a difficult
internal political situation in Sweden, - and Russia, according to the
treaty, got back Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye and volost Korela.
Godunov’s reign.
Godunov’s way to the throne wasn’t easy. In Uglich the successor to the
throne Dmitriy, the son of Ivan the Terrible’s six wife, grew up. On the
15th of May in 1591 tsarevich dead under the obscure circumtrances. The
official investigation was carried out by the boyar V. I. Shujsky. Trying
to please Godunov he reduced the happening to the “negligence” of Maria the
Nade, as a result of which Dmitry accidentally stabbed himself with a
Knife, while playing with his coevals. Tsarevich was still, he stuffered
from fits and to give a Knife to the child was really criminal. It is
possible that Godunov was involved in Dmitriy’s death, as only to make the
nurse let the sick child play with a Knife would be enough. January 6, 1598
the tsar Feodor died, and Febriary 17, The Zemsky Cathedral elected the new
tsar, his brother-in-law – Boris Godunov. They supported him as his
activity as a favorite was highly valued by his contemporaries. Boris’s
reign was marked by the beginning raproachment of Russia with the West. No
sovereign in Russia liked the foreigners as much as Godunov did. He began
to invite the foreigners to service, releasing them from paying taxes. The
new tsar even wanted to invite the scientists from Germany, England, Spain,
France and other countries in order to found in Moscow a high school, were
different languages would be taught, but the church opposed the idea.
Boris’s reign began successfully. However, really terrible events broke out
soon. In 1601 there were long rains, and then early frosts came and,
according to the contemporary, “ ”. The
next year the poor harvest repeated. The famine, lasting three years, broke
out. The price of bread increased in 100 times. Boris forbade to sell bread
at a price higher than the settled limit, he even resorted to the
prosecufron of those who inflated prices, but he didn’t succeed. Trying to
help the starving he didn’t spare means, widely distributing money. But the
price of bread was rising and money was losing its value. Boris ordered to
open the imperial barns for the starving. But even theit stocks were not
sufficient for all hungry people, as having found out about the
distribution, people from all the ends of the country came to Moscow,
having left the poor stocks which, nevertheless, were available of their
places. About 127 thousand people starved and were buried in Moscow, but
sometimes there wasn’t enough time to bury all of them. The cases of man-
eaters appeared. People started to think that it was a Divine penalty.
There appeared the belief that Boris’s reign wasn’t blessed by God as it
was lawless and was achieved through a lie. And so it couldn’t end in
something good.
In 1601 – 1602 Godunov even resorted to the restoration of Youriev Day. To
tell the truth, he permitted only the export, not the going out of
peasants. Noblemen thus rescaled their manors from final desolation and
ruin. The permission given by Godunov concerned only small servant people,
and didn’t spread on the grounds of the members of the Boyar Duma and the
clergy. But even this step didn’t increase the tsar’s popularity. National
revolts began. The largest one was the revoltunder leadership of the ataman
Khlop in 1603. Cossacks and lackeys took pant in it mainly. The tsar’s army
managed to defeat the rebels but nothing could calm down the country – it
was too late. There were rumours in the country that the genuine tsarevitch
is alive. Godunov understood the threat, as in comparison with the “borne”
sovereign he has nobody. No wonder his vituperators called him “slavetsar”.
At the beginning of 1604 the letter from a foreigner from Narva was
intercepted. It contained the information that miraculously saved Dmitriy
was with the Cossacks and Moscow would see some big misfortunes soon. The
investigation proved that the imposter was Grigiriy Otrepjev, coming from
the galitek noblemen, who ran to Poland in 1602.
On the 16th of October in 1604 the Fals Dmitriy with few Poles and Cossacks
set out to Moscow. Ewen the Moscow patriarch’s damnations didn’t cool the
national enthusiasm. In a January 1605 governmental armies, however,
defeated the imposter and he had to go to Putivl. But the imposter’s power
was not in the army, but in the people’s belief that he was the heir-at-
law. The Cossacks from all the parts of Russia began come to Dmitriy.
On the 13th of April in 1605 Boris Godunov seemed to be cheerful and
healthy, ate a lot and with big appetite. Then went to the tower, from
which he often surreged Moscow. Soon he descended, saying that he was
unwell. The doctor was send for, but the tsar fill worse, blood came from
his nose and ears. The tsar fainted away, and soon died. The were rumours
that Godunov poisoned himself in an attack of despair. He was buried in
Kremlin Arkhangelsk Cathedral/ Boris’s son Feodor, an educated and
extremely clever young man, came to the throne.
Soon the riot, caused by Dmitriy the False, took place in Moscow. The tsar
Feodor and his mother were killed, and only Boris’s daughter Xenia stayed
alive. But the desolate fate of the imposter’s slave-woman awaited her. It
was officiality declared that the tsar and his mother poisoned themselves.
Their bodies were showcases. Then Boris’s coffin was taken out from
Arkhangelsk Cathedral and buried again in Varsonotsk Monastery near
Lubjanka. His family were buried in the same place, without bural services
as suicides.
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