KOREA IN FOCUS
A People and History in Harmony
Introduction
In the past two decades, Korea has been one of the fastest developing
nations in the world - both in economic and social terms. Rapid industrial
and economic growth has seen the Republic nearly reach developed nation
status in a remarkably short time. The Korean people also find themselves
in the midst of a new era of democratic development following the birth of
the civilian Administration of President Kim Young Sam on February 25,
1993. This wiped out the negative legacy of decades of military-backed
authoritarian rule. The country has since been implementing bold political
and economic reforms to eradicate corruption and revitalize and restructure
the economy with the goal of building a New Korea - a mature and vibrant
industrial democracy.
This rapid economic and social development has brought Korea
increased international exposure and recognition, as the Republic begins to
expand its role on the international stage. Testifying to this was the
successful hosting of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, the largest held in history
up to that time. This was following by the 1993 hosting of an international
exposition, the Taejon Expo ‘93. Both the Seoul Olympics and the Taejon
Expo played an important role in deepening ties between Korea and countries
all over the world and gave an impetus to the Korean economy.
This era of stability and expanding international ties represents the
most exciting period in the country’s history - and yet, in retrospect,
Korea has, in its 5,000-year history, quite an enviable record for
governments of longevity and stability. The country’s last dynasty, the Yi
Dynasty of the Choson Kingdom, lasted 500 years.
The Koreans of today, while enormously proud of their country’s past,
look at Korea’s role and reputation from a more recent historical
perspective; but, in order to understand today’s Korea - its land, people,
culture, history, and recent economic and political transitions - it is
necessary to look at both the past and the present. “Korea In Focus” aims
to give you a brief overview to help in your general awareness of Korea
today. More detailed information can be obtained from individual
organizations or government offices.
Land
The Korean Peninsula, located in Northeast Asia, is bordered on the
north by China and Russia and juts towards Japan to the southeast. Since
1948, the 221,487 square kilometers which make up the entire Peninsula
have been divided, roughly along the 38th parallel, into the Republic of
Korea in the south and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in the
north. The Republic of Korea covers 99,221 square kilometers, a land area a
little more than twice the size of Switzerland.
Seoul is the capital of the country which is made up of nine
provinces; other major cities include Pusan, Taegu, Inch’on, Kwangju, and
Taejon.
The landscape is spectacular in its variations and about 70 percent
of it is mountaneous. The oceans around the Peninsula are a major source of
livelihood and recreation for Koreans. The shoreline is dotted by more than
3,000 islands.
The Peninsula’s longest river is the Amnokkang (790 km) in the North.
One of the South’s major waterways is the Han-gang River, which flows
through Seoul to the West Sea (Yellow Sea).
History
A look back at the 5,000 years of Korean history reveals triumphs and
tragedies, successes and struggles which have been instrumental in shaping
the Korea and Koreans of today. One remarkable fact that emerges from such
a historical examination is that Korea has largely been ruled by long-
term, stable governments. Korea’s kindoms and dynasties generally lasted
about 500 years or more.
Although Korea’s traceable history began considerably earlier that
the seventh century, it was the Shilla Unification in 668 that Korea, as a
historical entity with a cohesive culture and society, came to occuрy most
of the Peninsula as it exists today.
It was almost a decade after the end of the war before the Republic
of Korea had recovered sufficiently to establish stability and start the
momentum for its now remarkable recovery and development. The three decades
since then have been a time of spectacular progress which has seen the
creation of a modern, industrialized nation.
People
Korea is homogeneous society, although there have been historic and
prehistoric migrations of Chinese, Mongols and Japanese. Koreans are very
conscious of the ethnic differences and cultural distinctions which give
them their unique identity.
The population of the Republic of Korea was estimated at 44.1 million
in 1993. Its population density is among the world’s highest and Seoul, the
capital, has more than 10 million inhabitants. The annual population growth
in the Republic has dropped from an average of 2.7 percent in the 1960-66
period to only 0.90 percent in 1993. The slowdown is also partly the
result of the increasing number of young working women.
The country’s rapid industrialization is responsible for today’s
concentration of population in urban centers. The proportion of Koreans
living in cities has jumped from only 28 percent in 1960 to 74.4 percent as
of 1990 - very similar to the 73 to 76 percent levels in the United States,
Japan and France.
Language
The Korean language is spoken by some 60 million people living on
the Peninsula and its outlying islands as well as some 1.5 million Koreans
living in other parts of the world.
Korean belongs to the Ural-Altaic language group, which is found in
an narrow band from Korea and Japan across Mongolia and central Asia to
Turkey. Korean is a non-tonal language, with agglutinative and
polysynthetic elements.
Religion
Religion in today’s Korea covers a broad spectrum of faiths and
beliefs. Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Islam and numerous other
indigenous religions exist in Korea. Although none of them dominates, they
all influence contemporary culture.
Education
Education has been at the heart of Korea’s growth by training and
supplying the manpower needed for rapid industrial and economic expansion.
A multi-tiered educational system is currently in use, encompassing
elementary school (six years), middle school (three years), high school
(three years), and college (four years), as well as various graduate and
professional programs.
The government has eased regulations on overseas study. This new
policy also encourages those in the teaching profession to take advantage
of opportunities for training abroad.
Transportation
The tremendous pace of domestic economic growth in the past two
decades has been reflected in the expansion of transportation facilities
and the increases in Korea’s annual passenger and cargo volumes. The annual
volume of passenger transportation rose from 1.6 billion persons in 1996 to
14.24 billion in 1993.
Seoul has a well-developed mass transit system of subways, buses, and
taxis. Airport shuttles or city buses are conveniently available and
operate throughout the city. The subway system is the eighth longest in the
world, carrying 1,388 million people in 1993. Its four lines reach most
major locations in the city.
Korea has three international airports in Seoul (Kimpo), Pusan
(Kimhae) and Cheju (Cheju), all of which are equipped with modern air
traffic control facilities and support systems. Korean Air’s worldwide
network serves 43 cities in 24 nations, including recently inaugurated
flights to Rome. The newly launched Asiana Airlines recently started
international flights with regular service to fourteen cities in Japan, the
U.S., Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei and Bangkok.
All expressway system also connects Seoul with provincial cities and
towns, putting any place in mainland South Korea within a one-day round
trip of the capital. Express buses transport passengers to and from all
principal cities and resorts in the country.
The railway also serve the entire country through an efficient and
extensive network. The super-express train, Saemaul, runs 444.5 kilometers
from Seoul to Pusan in four hours and 10 minutes. There are also ordinary
express and local trains.
Ocean liners, cruise ships, and passenger-carrying freighters visit
Korean ports. A ferry service links Pusan with Chejudo Island and the
Japanese ports of Shimonoseki, Kobe and Hakada. Another ferry service
recently started between Inch’on and Tianjin China.
Telecommunications
Telephone services have rapidly expanded during the last decade,
particularly during the last 5 Years (1988-”92). During these years, with
the investment of US$2.64 billion in communications annually, 1.76 million
new telephone circuits were installed each year, increasing the total
number of telephone lines to 10.14 million as of 1993. Virtually every home
in the country now has its own telephone and all the telephone circuits are
connected by automatic switching systems.
Also, through the launch of KOREASAT scheduled in 1995, Korea will be
able to provide satellite communication services by using its own satellite
from October 1995.
THE ECONOMY
Looking Ahead to the 21st Century
In the last quarter century, Korea’s economic growth has been among
the fastest in the world. The country has overcome obstacles and challenges
to transform itself from a subsistence-level economy into one of the
world’s leading newly industrialized countries. Today, however, the Korean
economy faces the new challenges of internationalization and globalization
in an increasingly complex global economic environment.
Past Performance and Policies
Since Korea launched its First Five-Year Economic Development Plan in
1962, the country’s real GNP has expanded by an average of more than 8
percent per year. As a result, Korea’s GNP has grown from US$2.3 billion in
1962 to US$328.7 billion in 1993; per capita GNP has increased from a
meager US$82 in 1962 to US$7,466 in 1993 at current price levels.
The industrial structure of the Korean economy has also been
completely transformed. The agricultural sector’s share of GNP declined
from 37.0 percent in 1962 to 7.1 percent in 1993. The manufacturing
sector’s share has increased from 14.4 percent to 27.1 percent in the same
period. The service sector accounted for only 24.1 percent of GNP in 1962
but grew to 40.0 percent in 1993.
Korea’s merchandise trade volume increased from US$500 million in
1962 to US$166 billion in 1993. The nation continuously posted trade
deficits until 1985 when its foreign debt reached US$46.8 billion, the
fourth largest in the world. From 1986 to 1989, Korea recorded current
account surpluses and its debt declined.
Trends of Major Economic Indicators
| |Unit |‘62 |‘70 |‘80 |‘85 |‘90 |‘92 |‘93 |
|GNP |US$ |2.3 |8.1 |60.5 |91.1 |251.8|305.7|328.7|
| |bil. | | | | | | | |
|Per Capita GNP |US$ |8.2 |242 |2,194|2,242|5,883|7,007|7,466|
|GNP Growth Rate |% |2.2 |7.6 |7.0 |7.0 |9.6 |5.0 |5.6 |
|Domestic Savings |% |3.3 |17.9 |29.1 |29.8 |35.9 |34.9 |34.9 |
|Ratio | | | | | | | | |
|Trade Volume |US$ |0.5 |2.8 |39.8 |61.4 |134.9|158.4|166.0|
| |bil. | | | | | | | |
|Producer Price |% |9.4 |9.2 |38.9 |0.9 |4.2 |2.2 |1.5 |
|Consumer Price |% |8.3 |15.9 |28.8 |2.4 |8.6 |6.2 |4.8 |
Inflation in Korea was one of the major economic problems in the 70s
and early 80s, during which consumer prices rose at annual rates of 10-20
percent. Since 1982, Korea has managed to keep inflation down to a single
digit. The ratio of domestic savings to GNP grew from 3.3 percent in 1962
to 34.9 percent in 1993.
Recent Challenges
Beginning in 1989, the Korean economy began experiencing slower
growth, high inflation and a deterioration in the balance of payments. The
GNP growth rate fell to 6.7 percent in 1989 from the 12 percent level of
previous years. A slump in the growth of the manufacturing sector, from
18.8 percent in 1987 and 13.4 percent in 1988 to 13.7 percent in 1989,
contributed largely to this decline in GNP growth rate. The export growth
rate on a customs clearance basis, which was 36.2 percent in 1987 and 28.4
percent in 1988, fell to just 2.8 percent in 1989. Reflecting this fall in
the export growth rate, the current account surplus lowered to around
US$5.1 billion, a significant drop from the 1988 surplus of US$14.2
billion.
In 1991, the economic growth rate showed signs of recovery. The GNP
grew during the year 9.1 percent. However, most of this growth was
attributed to an increase in domestic demand, particularly domestic
consumption. Exports increased 10.3 percent compared to 1990, while the
growth rate of imports increased 17.7 percent. The trade balance
deteriorate rapidly to a US$7.0 billion deficit in 1991 from the US$4.6
billion surplus in 1989. In addition, price stability, which had served to
boost Korea’s competitiveness, weakened. Consumer prices, which had risen
on an annual average of 2-3 percent between 1984 and 1987, rose 9.3 percent
in 1991.
Recent Economic Trends
| | |‘91 |‘92 |‘93 |‘94. 1 |
| | | | | |( 6 |
|GNP | | | | | |
| GNP |Growth Rate in |9.1 |5.0 |5.6 |8.5 |
| |% | | | | |
| Manufacturing |Growth Rate in |9.1 |5.1 |5.0 | |
|Sector |% | | | |10.0 |
| Private |Growth Rate in |9.5 |6.6 |5.7 |7.2 |
|Consumption |% | | | | |
| Investment |Growth Rate in | |0.8 |3.6 | |
| |% |12.6 | | |10.3 |
| Equipment |Growth Rate in | |1.1 |0.2 | |
| |% |12.1 | | |17.7 |
|Prices | | | | | |
| Producer Price |% |4.7 |2.2 |1.5 |2.2 |
| Consumer Price |% |9.3 |6.2 |4.8 |6.2 |
|Balance of Payments| |7.0 |2.2 |1.9 |1.6 |
| Export |US$ bil. | | | | |
| | |69.6 |75.1 |81.0 |43.1 |
| Imports |US$ bil. | | | | |
| | |76.6 |77.3 |79.1 |44.7 |
|Current Account | | | | | |
| Balance |US$ bil. |8.7 |4.5 |0.4 |2.7 |
In 1992, the Korean economy rapidly cooled off, with the GNP growth
rate dipping to 5.0 percent, influenced chiefly by blunted investment in
capital goods. The consumer price index rose just 6.2 percent, and the
deficit in the balance of payments also dropped to US$4.5 billion.
At that time, the Korean economy faced many challenges on both the
internal and external fronts. Part of the economic slowdown may be
explained by the cyclical adjustment of the economy after three consecutive
years of rapid growth. However, the stagnation was more likely the result
of a structural deterioration in competitiveness, due to a combination of
the lingering legacies of the past government-led economic management
system, which had now become inefficient, and the disappearance of the
advantages derived from the once ample availability of low-cost labor: Thus
the country was forced to search for a new driving force sufficient for
sustained economic growth.
Major Tasks and Policy Directions
To revitalize the economy, the Kim Young Sam Administration, which
was inaugurated in February 1993 as the first civilian democratic
government in over three decades, is endeavoring to construct a new
developmental paradigm called “the New Economy”. This signals a clean
departure from the past, when the government directed and controlled the
concentrated investment of capital, labor and other resources in selected
“strategic” industrial sectors to achieve rapid economic growth. Instead,
the New Economy will promote the autonomy and creativity of all economic
actors in order to maximize efficiency, while ensuring the equitable
distribution of income. In that way, it seeks to enable the nation to leap
into the ranks of the developed nations within the next five years.
As an initial step, the new Administration implemented a short-term
100-Day Plan for the New Economy in March 1993, designed to promptly create
conditions conductive to revitalizing the economy. This was followed by the
development of a new five-year economic development plan. Formally
announced in July 1993, the Five-Year Plan for the New Economy was
conceived primarily to lay the basis for joining the ranks of advanced
countries and thus to effectively prepare for the eventual unification of
the Korean Peninsula.
The Government will continue its efforts to ensure the effective
implementation of the five-year plan through the spontaneous participation
of the people by reforming economic institutions including the improvement
or simplification of existing financial and tax systems and administrative
measures. Furthermore, the Government will continue to endeavor to fully
realized the nation’s economic growth potential, strengthen its
international competitiveness, and improve the economic conditions of the
public.
If the plan is implemented as intended, the Korean economy is
projected to change as follows:
First with increased efficiency and greater realization of growth
potential, the gross national product should rise at an average annual rate
of about 6.9 percent, raising per capita GNP to US$14,076 in 1998.
Second, greater price stability should prevail as balance is
maintained between the more steadily rising demand and the more briskly
expanding supply, while wage increases are linked to rises in productivity.
The stabilization of the value of the won currency should help stabilize
the prices of imported goods and services. The net effect should be to hold
down the rise in consumer prices to an annual average of 3.7 percent, the
increase in producer prices to an annual average of 1.6 percent and the
rise in the GNP deflator to an annual average of 4.6 percent.
Targets of the 5-Year Plan for the New Economy
| |‘91 |‘92 |‘93 |‘94 |‘95 |‘96 |‘97 |‘98 |‘93-’9|
| | | | | | | | | |8 |
|GNP growth, % |8.4 |4.7 |6.0 |7.1 |7.2 |7.1 |7.0 |7.0 |6.9 |
|Per capita GNP, |6,51|6,74|7,30|8,19|9,33|10,7|12,3|14,0|14,076|
|US$ |8 |9 |6 |6 |9 |16 |05 |76 |2) |
|Rise in producer |4.7 |2.2 |1.8 |1.8 |1.7 |1.6 |1.5 |1.4 |1.6 |
|prices, % | | | | | | | | | |
|Rise in consumer |9.3 |6.2 |4.9 |4.3 |3.7 |3.6 |3.2 |2.9 |3.7 |
|prices, % | | | | | | | | | |
|Rise in GNP |11.2|6.3 |5.3 |5.3 |4.8 |4.5 |4.1 |3.8 |4.6 |
|deflator, % | | | | | | | | | |
|Balance on curren |8.7 |4.6 |1.4 |0 |0.9 |2.1 |3.7 |5.3 |5.32) |
|account, | | | | | | | | | |
|US$ billion | | | | | | | | | |
|Exports 1) ,US$ |69.6|75.1|82.3|82.3|99.3|110.|122.|136.|136.32|
|billion | | | | | |1 |6 |3 |) |
| Rate of |(10.|(7.9|(9.5|(9.5|(10.|(10.|(11.|(11.|(10.4)|
|increase, % |2) |) |) |) |2) |9) |3) |2) | |
|Imports,
|
