Economic Relations between Kazakhstan and Russia - География - Скачать бесплатно
Contents
INTRODUCTION 1
1. THE RUSSIAN-KAZAKHSTAN RATIOES AT THE PRESENT STAGE 5
1.1 Mutual Trade
8
1.2 Cooperating in oil gas and power
15
1.3 Cooperating in sphere of transport and communication
18
2. CONDITION OF FOREIGN TRADE BOTH DEV’T OF THE JOINT / ENTERPRISES
KAZAKHSAN AND RUSSIA
2.1 Some aspects of economic interaction Kazakhstan and Russia
22
2.2 The factors of economic interaction of Kazakhstan and Russia
24
2.3 Engaging the foreign investments
26
2.4 Cooperating in the field of electric power industry
27
2.5 Cooperating in the field of machine construction industry
28
2.6 Cooperating in the field of a uranium industry
29
3. involvement in international organizations,
kazakhstan and russia
31
3.1 The Eurasian Union: Realities and Perspectives
34
4. VITAL PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT-DAY STATE OF 44
KAZAKHSTANI-RUSSIAN RELATIONS
CONCLUSION 61
LIST OF USED SOURSES 65
INTRODUCTION
The origins of Kazakhstani-Russian relations lie in hoary antiquity, when
Kazakhs and Russians lived on the vast Eurasian territory and, being
neighbors, developed good-neighborly relations in all the spheres of human
activity.
In analyzing the relations between Rus and the Great Steppe, one
cannot fail to mention the work of the greatest specialist in this field,
Lev N. Gumilyov. In his preface to Gumilyov's book, Ancient Rus and the
Great Steppe, Academician Dmitry S. Likhachev wrote this: Rightly taking
into account the links between subsistence economy and the level of
prosperity of ancient societies, and thus their military power, the author
also compares historical events and climactic fluctuations of the steppe
zone of Eurasia. In this way he arrived at a series of clarifications,
which enabled him to describe in detail the historical-geographic backdrop
against which various cultural influences came in conflict with the local
forms of the original culture of Eastern Europe.
It must be noted in any analysis of the emergence of the 15 new, post-
Soviet states on the map of Eurasia that certain specific features marked
the genesis of each of them. The present study focuses on the processes of
sovereignty of Kazakhstan, and the specificity of these processes lies in
that from the very beginning the republic's political leadership did not
initiate centrifugal tendencies, regarding reasonable integration an
imperative of the times and endeavoring to ease as much as possible the
destructive consequences at every stage in the disintegration of the Soviet
Union. Kazakhstan was the last former Soviet republic to declare its
independence - not out of any strong gravitation toward the past or
peripheral political development let us recall that Kazakhstan was one of
the first to experience, in December 1986, the repressive power of
totalitarianism then already withering away but because it understood that
artificial acceleration of this process is fraught with the danger of
serious upheavals. The history of numerous bloody ethnic, social, and even
interstate conflicts in the post-Soviet space bears striking evidence of
that.
The immediate subject matter of the present study is not just the
isolated process of the sovereignty of one of the post-Soviet countries but
the emergence and development against this background of new interstate
relations of two major republics of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan and
Russia. In our view, it is relations between precisely these two countries
that can be seen as a model for the establishment of equal and mutually
advantageous between newly independent states. This view is borne out by a
sufficiently smooth and planned, though far from problem-free, development
of bilateral Kazakhstani-Russian relations, a meaningful historical
tradition of mutual relations, and an absence of sharp turns or wavering
due to subjective or external causes.
Another unifying factor is time—the many centuries of the history of
mutual relations between the peoples of the two countries that have been
neighbors in these great open spaces since the beginning of time. This far
from simple history, full of drama and heroism, these strata of time bound
together by the unremitting toil of numerous generations, unite the two
peoples.
The Soviet period in the relations between the two states let us recall
that, according to the 1977 Constitution of the USSR, the constituent
republics of the Soviet Union were declared to be "sovereign Soviet
socialist states" united in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and
having the right to enter into relations with foreign states, conclude
treaties and exchange diplomatic representatives, and - theoretically
-secede from the USSR was marked by the prevalence of the so-called
converted forms. The ubiquitous and all-round dominance of All-Union
structures made meaningless all talk of real interstate relations between
Kazakhstan and Russia. Both sides were in this case the objects of a
grandiose social experiment. Although positive achievements of tills period
cannot be discarded either.
The emergence and further development of relations of equal partnership
between new independent states, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian
Federation, became a sort of synthesis of the entire centuries-old history
of Kazakh-Russian relations. Only now can the relations between the two
countries be justifiably described as subject-subject ones. At this stage,
both states solved such problems as defining their status in the system of
world politics, establishing relations with leading world nations, and
entering the field of international law.
The dominant role of Kazakhstani problems has determined the
chronological framework of the investigation.
The overall time frame covers the period from December 1991 the setting
up of the Commonwealth of Independent States, which finally marked the
disintegration of the USSR to the end of 1995.
In the four years, bilateral Kazakhstani - Russian relations went
through a series of significant stages the study of which can adequately
determine the level of mutual relations between the two countries, the
scope and range of integration. We single out three stages in the
development of Kazakhstani-Russian relations:
— Defining the legal interstate relations of the two countries December
1991 - May 1920
— Searching for a model of economic and political cooperation between
the states May 1992 - March 1994
— Expanding and deepening integration between Kazakhstan and Russia in the
economic and other spheres March 1994 - 1995.
Although some elements of legal contractual relations between
Kazakhstan and Russia may be discovered before December 1991, when attempts
to preserve the Soviet Union were made, it will be more chronologically
correct, in our view, to choose the moment at which the CIS was legally
formed and the activity of the Union structures of authority was
discontinued as the starting point of the study.
We propose that the signing in May 1992 of the treaty of friendship,
cooperation, and mutual assistance between the two countries be singled out
as the concluding moment of the first stage in the relations between
Kazakhstan and Russia and at the same time as the beginning of the new
stage. That document became the foundation for qualitatively new relations
in the history of the two states, opening the first page in the official
interstate relations in the new history of Kazakhstan and Russia. It
determined the principles of bilateral relations in the political,
economic, military-strategic, cultural, and spiritual spheres, lending a
colossal impulse to the entire subsequent negotiation process.
During the search for a model of interstate economic and political
cooperation between Kazakhstan and Russia, the principles were developed
for bilateral relations, which were later recorded in the treaty of
friendship, cooperation, and mutual assistance. The first official visit of
President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation in March 1994
marked the beginning of the third stage in the development of Kazakhstani-
Russian relations - that of expanding and deepening integration between
Kazakhstan and Russia.
This division of the time frame of bilateral Kazakhstani-Russian
relations into periods shows that one of the goals of the present work is
to demonstrate continuous development between Kazakhstan and Russia in the
post-Soviet period.
As the period of political history analyzed here is extremely close to
the present, it cannot be regarded as worked out in detail in Russian and
foreign scientific literature. However, the problems of development of the
new statehood of post-Soviet countries of Kazakhstan in this case, of the
birth and evolution of interstate relations, of their entry into the
international community, are being studied ever more actively.
The crucial period of the disintegration of the USSR and the emergence
on the map of the world of new, independent states was primarily reflected
in scientific periodicals. Special mention should be made of the collective
work The New Treaty of Union: The Search for Solutions.
Problems of mutual relations between newly independent states have also
become the subjects of attention of Russian experts and political
scientists. The period of disintegration of the USSR and of the development
of Kazakhstan as a sovereign independent state are at present actively
studied by Kazakhstan scientists. Works have been written on the problem of
the emergence of the new statehood, development of the system of separation
of powers, democratization of society, evolution of party structures and
institutions of democracy, and the construction of a new legal and judicial
system. Present State and Works on the subject of bilateral Kazakhstani-
Russian relations from the moment the two states achieved independence can
be divided into several groups. The first and the most numerous one deal
with relations between Kazakhstan and Russia within the framework of the
Commonwealth of Independent States.
In recent years the development of market relations has considerably
boosted interest for economic and trade cooperation between the two
independent states. Mention must be made of a joint work by the staff of
the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies under the title Kazakhstan:
Realities and Perspectives of Independent Development, It should be noted,
though, that this work suffers from an obviously incomplete documentary and
factual basis and a certain superficiality in the analysis of the problem.
The study is based on such sources as legal acts and interstate
Kazakhstani-Russian treaties, agreements, declarations, joint protocols,
and other documents and materials, as well as decrees, decisions, and
resolutions of the organs of state power in Kazakhstan and Russia.
Extremely important sources for the study of the last five years in
the history of Kazakhstan and of Kazakhstani-Russian relations are the
works of President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan: Without the Right or
the Left, The Strategy of the Formation and Development of Kazakhstan as a
Sovereign State, The Strategy of Resource Saving and the Transition to the
Market, The Market and Socioeconomic Development, and especially his new
book, On the Doorstep of the 21st Century, as well as his speeches at
various forums.' Just as important as sources for the present study are the
books by President Yeltsin of Russia: Confessions on a Given Theme, Memoirs
of a President as well as his official speeches, and also the works of
other Russian politicians and public figures, which afford a deeper grasp
of the essence of events happening in the post-Soviet space in the 1990s.
The process of market reform in the republic and the tendencies and
prospects for further reform in the socioeconomic sphere are reflected in
several books by Kazakhstan's Prime Minister A.M.Kazhegeldin: The
Socioeconomic Problems of Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan in
Times of Reform, Kazakhstan in Times of Reform, Problems of State
Regulation Under the Conditions of Socioeconomic Transformation.
The formation of the republic's diplomatic service and problems of its
civilized entry in the world community are studied in the works of
K.K.Tokayev, Kazakhstan's foreign minister.
Intense legislative processes at all levels in the given period
necessitated close attention to the legal basis of the newly independent
states. As far as Kazakhstan is concerned, that legal basis includes above
all the Constitutions of 1993 and 1995, of which the content and the
sociopolitical background may be seen as the quintessence of the given
period in the country's history.
The main distinctive feature of the source base of the study is the
fact that most documents of the given period of political history have not
yet been moved to the archives; it was therefore necessary to turn on many
occasions to various central and departmental current archives. The
identification and systematization of many sources, their publication in a
collection of materials devoted to the development of Kazakhstani-Russian
relations was in themselves an important task.
It may thus be said that extensive sources have been used in the analysis
of the above-mentioned problems; their study made it possible to paint a
comprehensive picture of the development of Kazakhstani-Russian relations
against the background of the sovereignty of Kazakhstan in 1991-1995.
1.THE RUSSIAN-KAZAKHSTAN RATIOES AT THE PRESENT STAGE
In a context of events, which have taken place in region after
September 11, the role of Russia in Central Asia a little has varied, as
well as all has varied geopolitical formulated in region last years.
In these conditions of one of important external policies of tasks of
Kazakhstan is the adjusting of tactics and strategy in ratios with Russia,
which would correspond by modern geopolitical realities and long-term
interests of our country.
Central Asia and Caspian Sea, so-called recently Caspian – Central
Asia region, go into an region of traditional interests of Russia.
In this region it always had the important national interests, which,
however, in different periods were defined by different circumstances and
factors.
The key interests of Russia in this region at the present stage can be
reduced to the following.
Central Asia has the important value in of a safety of Russia.
The importance of this region for Russia is stipulated not oil by the
factor implying from desire to save influence on Caspian Sea;
Our region is of interest for Russia territorial, where its
compatriots live. Are those, on our sight three dominating interest of
Russian Federation, dominating, Caspian – Central Asia region at the
present stage. It in this region has also other interests trade, cosmotron
of “Baikonur”, industrial communications etc. but they now in basic carry
not so priority character.
Until recently Russia ensured above-mentioned interests without the
special efforts. All countries of region in the majority were that or are
otherwise dependent on Russian Federation.But the events, which have
occurred after September of the last year, have brought in serious enough
variations to a geopolitical situation in Central Asia and have affected on
common position of forces in region.
One of the occurred key variations consists that the break in sphere
of traditional vital interests of Russia is watched which today faces to
necessity Central Asia of policy.
As a whole by 2001 in Central Asia the private tripartite balance
between interests of Russia, China, USA was folded.
The given balance can figuratively be presented as a triangle, in
which upper corner Russia, in one lower corner - USA, in the friend - China
settled down. These countries have occupied three strategic niches in
Caspian – Central Asia region: military-political, oil and gas, commodity-
raw.
The Russian presence at region last years was ensured, first of all,
with strategic military-political component. A peaking of a problem
extremism and the terrorisms in Central Asia, activation Islamic of driving
of Uzbekistan, irreconcilable part of Integrated Tadjik opposition at
immediate support Talib have established in 1999 - 2001 real threat for the
countries of region.
In these conditions only Russia was considered by the states of region
as the real factor and safety. It is enough to recollect, that these years
the contacts through link DKNB, intensive two-sided ratios in military and
military-engineering sphere were especially made active.
Thus, USA has occupied oil and gases a niche in our region, and Russia
and China by virtue of economic circumstances could not with it compete in
this direction.
In this geopolitical triangle Russia all the same occupied a little
bit dominating positions. This majoring in many respects was determined
strategic military-political component, which role in the international
ratios is traditionally high.
In a context of a common global situation Russia forced to be
reconciled with a determination of military basses of USA in region of its
traditional interests.
Taking into account all these circumstances, Russia faces to necessity
of the policy in Central Asia. The further prolongation above-mentioned of
the tendencies will have for it painful enough consequences.
Despite of some variation of a role of Russia in Central Asia, for
Kazakhstan the strategic interests in a ratio of Russia continue to be
saved.
The necessity of activation of ratios with Russia and holding of
constructive cooperating on much important for Kazakhstan to directions is
dictated as well by that in case of essential weakening of Russia in
Central Asia it will be fraught with negative consequences. The situation
in region can become unstable and badly forecast.
In the whole traditional interests of Kazakhstan in a ratio of Russia
are founded on four factors having long-time character and diminuendos by
such eternal categories, as geography and history.
First, the maintenance partner of ratios with Russia is necessary
valid intercontinental of an arrangement of Kazakhstan, for which the exit
on the world market is vital for an economic development. Russia in this
respect occupies the strategically important position; being by the state,
on which region pass vital for us strategy of transport and communication.
Secondly, Russia is one of the important subjects of the international
system, having significant political weight and rather large military-
engineering opportunities. The Russian factor in many respects determines
external policy a situation around of Kazakhstan, both on regional, and at
the international level.
Thirdly, Russia is the major economic partner Republic of Kazakhstan.
It not only imports different production and techniques to Kazakhstan, but
also is the market of selling of Kazakhstan production. About 70 % of
Kazakhstan industrial potential is involved on economy.
In - fourth, both states are combined with a historical generality,
spiritual and cultural links. In region of Russia the man is Kazakh
Diasporas including 740 thousand. In Kazakhstan Russian are second on
number ethnic group, making about 30 percents of the population of the
country.
In this context the Russian direction of exterior policy of Kazakhstan
remains to one of priority and strategic.
As a whole at the present stage in the Russian-Kazakhstan ratios the
following most priority and perspective directions of cooperating are
meant:
• Mutual trade.
• Interaction in oil and gas and power sphere.
• Cooperating in sphere of transport and communications.
• Cooperating in sphere of safety.
1.1 Mutual Trade.
The interests of both countries are answered with magnifying of mutual
trade. Russian Federation traditionally occupies the first place among the
basic trade partners of Kazakhstan both on export, and on import. Trade
turn over in 2001 from Russian Federation has made 4 639,3 million of US
dollars (Diagrama1,2).
It is necessary to mark, that last years the growth of a share of
Russian Federation in import and reduction in export is watched. The
specific gravity of Russia in total amount of the Kazakhstan export is
sequentially reduced (from 44,5 % in 1994 up to 20,2 % in 2001) and is
augmented in import (from 36,3 % per 1994 up to 45,4 % per 2001). Within
several last years of Kazakhstan has negative trade balance with Russian
Federation.
Basic trade partners, in import, 1994-2001 (%)
[pic]
|1994 |1996 |1997 |1998 |1999 |2000 |2001 |
|•Russian | 36,3 | 54,8 | 45,8 | 39,4 | 36,7 | 48,7 |45,4 |
|Federatio| | | | | | | |
|n | | | | | | | |
|• China | 2 | 0,8 |1,1 | 1,2 |2,2 | 3 | 2,8 |
|Poland | 0,7 | 1 |1 | 1,1 | 1,7 | 1,2 | 0,9 |
|•Uzbekist|7,8 | 2,1 |1,5 | 2,2 | 2,4 | 1,5 | 1,3 |
|an | | | | | | | |
|•Kyrgysta| 2,9 | 2,1 |1,5 | 1,2 | 0,7 | 0.6 |0,4 |
|n | | | | | | | |
|•
|
